An insight into the female and male Sabethes cyaneus mosquito salivary glands transcriptome.

Mosquitoes are responsible for the death and debilitation of millions of people every year due to the pathogens they can transmit while blood feeding. While a handful of mosquitoes, namely those in the Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex genus, are the dominant vectors, many other species belonging to different genus are also involved in various pathogen cycles. Sabethes cyaneus is one of the many poorly understood mosquito species involved in the sylvatic cycle of Yellow Fever Virus.

Novel salivary antihemostatic activities of long-form D7 proteins from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae facilitate hematophagy.

To successfully feed on blood, hematophagous arthropods must combat the host's natural hemostatic and inflammatory responses. Salivary proteins of blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes contain compounds that inhibit these common host defenses against blood loss, including vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, blood clotting, pain, and itching. The D7 proteins are some of the most abundantly expressed proteins in female mosquito salivary glands and have been implicated in inhibiting host hemostatic and inflammatory responses.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of pyrethroid resistance in the CKR strain of Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti is an important vector of human viral diseases. This mosquito is distributed globally and thrives in urban environments, making it a serious risk to human health. Pyrethroid insecticides have been the mainstay for control of adult A.

Sodium channel activation underlies transfluthrin repellency in Aedes aegypti.

Background: Volatile pyrethroid insecticides, such as transfluthrin, have received increasing attention for their potent repellent activities in recent years for controlling human disease vectors. It has been long understood that pyrethroids kill insects by promoting activation and inhibiting inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. However, the mechanism of pyrethroid repellency remains poorly understood and controversial.

A dual-target molecular mechanism of pyrethrum repellency against mosquitoes.

Pyrethrum extracts from flower heads of Chrysanthemum spp. have been used worldwide in insecticides and repellents. While the molecular mechanisms of its insecticidal action are known, the molecular basis of pyrethrum repellency remains a mystery.

Fitness costs of individual and combined pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, kdr and CYP-mediated detoxification, in Aedes aegypti.

Background: Aedes aegypti is an important vector of many human diseases and a serious threat to human health due to its wide geographic distribution and preference for human hosts. A. aegypti also has evolved widespread resistance to pyrethroids due to the extensive use of this insecticide class over the past decades.

Fitness studies of insecticide resistant strains: lessons learned and future directions.

The evolution of insecticide resistance is generally thought to be associated with a fitness cost in the absence of insecticide exposure. However, it is not clear how these fitness costs manifest or how universal this phenomenon is. To investigate this, we conducted a literature review of publications that studied fitness costs of insecticide resistance, selected papers that met our criteria for scientific rigor, and analyzed each class of insecticides separately as well as in aggregate.

D7 Salivary Protein Prevents Host Hemostasis and Inflammation.

Mosquitoes inject saliva into the host skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition through active compounds that prevent hemostasis. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva and act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. Several members of the D7 family have been characterized at the biochemical level; however, none have been studied thus far in , a permissive vector for several arboviruses that causes extensive human morbidity and mortality.

Biochemical characterization of AeD7L2 and its physiological relevance in blood feeding in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti saliva facilitates blood meal acquisition through pharmacologically active compounds that prevent host hemostasis. Among these salivary proteins are the D7s, which are highly abundant and have been shown to act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. In this work, we performed comparative structural modeling, characterized the binding capabilities, and assessed the physiological functions of the Ae.

ADP binding by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito D7 salivary protein enhances blood feeding on mammals.

During blood-feeding, mosquito saliva is injected into the skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva. Here we report the ligand binding specificity and physiological relevance of two D7 long proteins from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, the vector of filaria parasites or West Nile viruses.

Evaluation of the use of non-formulary oncology medications restricted to outpatient use in hospitalized patients after implementation of a criteria-for-use algorithm.

Objective: To decrease the number of orders and total hospital spend for inpatient use of antineoplastic drugs of interest, while evaluating each case for urgent or emergent need for administration.

Methodology: This study is a multicenter, retrospective, cost-evaluation, cohort study performed in five Ascension Seton hospitals in the Austin, Texas area between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2018. Patients were identified via a dispense analysis report for the antineoplastic drugs of interest.

CYP-mediated resistance and cross-resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Aedes aegypti in the presence and absence of kdr.

Aedes aegypti thrives in urban environments and transmits several debilitating human viral diseases. Thus, our ability to control this mosquito species in endemic areas is of utmost importance. The use of insecticides, mostly pyrethroids and organophosphates (OPs), has long been the primary means of controlling A.

First-Line Therapies for VTE Treatment and Secondary Prophylaxis in Patients With Cancer: A New Direction.

Objective: To review evidence behind anticoagulants in cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) with a focus on low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and the role of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).

Data Sources: PubMed was searched using terms "venous thromboembolism," "cancer," and "anticoagulation." This search was restricted to clinical trials, meta-analyses, and subgroup analyses.

CYP-mediated permethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti and evidence for trans-regulation.

Aedes aegypti poses a serious risk to human health due to its wide global distribution, high vector competence for several arboviruses, frequent human biting, and ability to thrive in urban environments. Pyrethroid insecticides remain the primary means of controlling adult A. aegypti populations during disease outbreaks.

Voltage-sensitive sodium channel mutations S989P + V1016G in Aedes aegypti confer variable resistance to pyrethroids, DDT and oxadiazines.

Background: Aedes aegypti is a vector of several important human pathogens. Control efforts rely primarily on pyrethroid insecticides for adult mosquito control, especially during disease outbreaks. A.

Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Important mosquito vectors of human diseases.

Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are vectors of important human disease viruses, including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control adult Aedes mosquitoes, especially during disease outbreaks.

Nivolumab-induced vitiligo in a metastatic melanoma patient: A case report.

The programmed-death-1 inhibitors selectively block programmed-death-1 interaction with its receptor, which restores active T-cell response directed at tumor cells, inducing an anti-tumor effect. This nonspecific activation of the immune system can also lead to a wide spectrum of side effects. Nivolumab has been used effectively to prolong survival in patients with metastatic melanoma and is recommended as a category 1 agent for systemic therapy in metastatic or unresectable melanoma per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.

Prevalence of eastern equine encephalitis virus antibodies among white-tailed deer populations in Maine.

During the fall of 2010, 332 deer serum samples were collected from 15 of the 16 (93.8%) Maine counties and screened for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) antibodies using plaque reduction neutralizing tests (PRNTs). The aim was to detect and map EEEV activity in the state of Maine.

Detection of eastern equine encephalitis virus antibodies in moose (Alces americana), Maine, 2010.

Moose sera were collected from harvested animals during the 2010 hunting season in Maine. Of the 145 serum samples screened by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), 16 (11%) had antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Positive samples were collected from Aroostook County (n=13), Somerset County (n=2), and Piscataquis County (n=1) in northern and central Maine.

Clinical dilemmas and a review of strategies to manage drug shortages.

Objective: The objectives of this article are to review the clinical implications of drug shortages highlighting patient safety, sedation, and oncology and introduce an expanded phase approach for the management of drug shortages.

Data Sources: Literature retrieval was accessed through a PubMed search of English-language sources from January 1990 through April 2012 using the medical subject heading pharmaceutical preparations/supply and distribution and the general search term drug shortages.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: All original prospective and retrospective studies, peer-reviewed guidelines, consensus statements, and review articles were evaluated for inclusion.

Effect of a botanical acaricide on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and nontarget arthropods.

We tested the effectiveness of the rosemary oil-based insecticide, Eco-Exempt IC2, to control all stages of Ixodes scapularis (Say) in southern Maine. We selected plots in oak-pine forest where I. scapularis is endemic and recorded the abundance of ticks and nontarget arthropods before and after applications of IC2, bifenthrin (a synthetic pyrethroid), and water (reference treatment).

An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, Maine, USA in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies.

From July to September, 2009, an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEv) occurred in five counties in Maine. The virus was isolated from 15 horses, 1 llama, and pheasants in three separate captive flocks. One wild turkey, screened before translocation, also showed exposure to the virus in January 2010.