[Scientific contributions of Jules Hirsch regarding the physiopathogenesis of obesity].

Jules Hirsch was born in New York City and died at age 88 after a long illness. He was considered notorious leader in the study of human metabolism mainly in the area of lipids and obesity. His research at The Rockefeller University helps establish the mechanism of obesity and lipids metabolism.

Early disturbed placental ischemia and hypoxia creates immune alteration and vascular disorder causing preeclampsia.

Preterm preeclampsia (PE) remains a leading cause of maternal death and perinatal morbidity. The pathophysiological process that underlies PE has been proposed to occur in two episodes, the first is a reduced placental perfusion and then the maternal clinical syndrome. Placental ischemia/hypoxia is believed to result in the release of a variety of placental factors such as cytokines including TNF-α and interleukin 6, activated circulating immune cells and autoantibodies that have profound effects on blood flow and arterial pressure regulation.

[Convenience clinic redefine polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal)].

In 1935 during a medical meeting behalf in New Orleans was presents a study that included seven cases of women that suffered menstrual dysfunctions, hirsutism and sterility, for laparotomy the description of the ovaries had a pearly white color and it was hypertrophic, the cuneiform resection in both ovaries resulted in correction of the menstrual dysfunction and two of them got pregnancy later on, receiving the name of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The technological advance facilitates the hormonal analyses demonstrating the hyperandrogenism existence and the mechanism of the anovulation, the PCOS showed to be heterogeneous, reason why it was hindered to define it, this advanced the current trend to question the existence of the PCOS and to accept the convenience, either to change the name or to redefine it, leaving it as a simple syndrome with several phenotypes. The endocrine component includes abnormal secretion of insulin and consequently outlying resistance to this hormone, likewise is hyperandrogenism, dislipoproteinemia and obesity.

[Development of radioimmunoassay and its consequences in the medical research. A tribute to Rosalyn Yallow].

Rosalyn Yalow lived all her life in the Bronx, New York, where she was born, educated, worked and met Solomon Berson, her scientific partner for a long time. Despite being a top student at Hunter College she was unable to be admitted to any graduate program in physics, mainly because she was Jewish and female. Later she joined the Veterans Administration Hospital in New York where she established the radioisotope laboratory.

[Frequency of symptoms of the climacteric syndrome].

Background: Menopause is the descent in circulating estrogens that manifests clinically for the climacteric symptoms. These symptoms motivate the patient to consult to the physician.

Objective: To know which are the symptoms that motivate women in the climacteric to begin hormonal therapy.