[Bladder pain syndrome--an urological-gynecological problem].

Bladder Pain Syndrome remains a great challenge for urologists, both in diagnostics and treatment. Etiopathogenesis of the disease is unknown. It is reported that the reason for Bladder Pain Syndrome is the urothelium dysfunction resulting in the destruction of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer/barrier protecting the urothelium from bacteria adhesion and penetration of toxic substances/by bacteria.

[Tumour in the ureter stump 13 years after nephrectomy--a rare case of endometriosis].

Endometriosis is found in the urinary tract in 1-2% of women suffering from this disease. The most common site is urinary bladder (81%). In the ureter it is found in only 15% of cases and it mainly involves the pelvic part.

[Splenic injury during left nephrectomy for renal cell cancer].

Unlabelled: Left radical nephrectomy is the second most common cause of splenic injury during transabdominal oncological surgery in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. The incidence of iatrogenic splenectomy during left nephrectomy is estimated to be between 4.3% and 13.