Correction to: Factors influencing childhood anaemia in Bangladesh: a two level logistic regression analysis.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that name that appeared in published online version is incorrect.

Factors influencing childhood anaemia in Bangladesh: a two level logistic regression analysis.

Background: Anemia is not only a major public health problem among children in developing countries, it is also an important predictor for their future growth and development. The objective of this study was to identify possible factors associated with anemia among pre-school children in Bangladesh after removing a cluster effect of the population, and to determine the prevalence of this condition.

Methods: Data for this study was extracted from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS-2011).

Prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Bangladeshi mothers: A nationwide cross-sectional study.

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is associated with better health of the mothers and reduced risk of neonatal mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of EIBF and associated factors among Bangladeshi mothers.

Methods: The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014.

Trends and future of maternal and child health in Bangladesh.

Background: Maternal and child health is one of the most important issues in a developing country like Bangladesh. This study evaluates the trends in maternal and child health indicators of Bangladesh.

Methods: The secondary data used in this study was extracted from the World Bank Dataset.

Mandibular shape analysis in fossil hominins: Fourier descriptors in norma lateralis.

Biological shape can be defined as the boundary of a form in 2-space (R(2)). An earlier study (Lestrel et al., 2010, HOMO-J.

Body mass index of married Bangladeshi women: trends and association with socio-demographic factors.

Body mass index (BMI) is a good indicator of nutritional status in a population. In underdeveloped countries like Bangladesh, this indicator provides a method that can assist intervention to help eradicate many preventable diseases. This study aimed to report on changes in the BMI of married Bangladeshi women who were born in the past three decades and its association with socio-demographic factors.

Change in facial shape in two cohorts of Japanese adult female students twenty years apart.

Introduction: Secular changes in the head and body dimensions of the Japanese population were recorded during the last century, but studies on Japanese adult facial shape were poorly documented. This study aimed to document the secular changes in facial shape and their association with craniofacial measures of Japanese adult female students.

Methods: Data were collected from 1998-2001 and 1975-1979 from institutions in Tokyo and Kyoto.

Cranial vault shape in fossil hominids: Fourier descriptors in norma lateralis.

Two major views of human evolution have elicited considerable controversy. These are: [1] the "out of Africa" hypothesis and [2] the "multiregional" hypothesis. This paper is an attempt to try to reconcile these two scenarios using hominid cranial vault data.

Age at menarche of university students in Bangladesh: secular trends and association with adult anthropometric measures and socio-demographic factors.

Age at menarche has been shown to be an important indicator for diseases such as breast cancer and ischaemic heart disease. The aim of the present study was to document secular trends in age at menarche and their association with anthropometric measures and socio-demographic factors in university students in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 995 students from Rajshahi University using a stratified sampling technique between July 2004 and May 2005.

Sexual dimorphism in the Japanese cranial base: a Fourier-wavelet representation.

An approach, computational shape analysis (CSA), is presented here which utilizes a Fourier-wavelet representation to numerically describe shape features of biological forms. Two elements are involved: 1) elliptical Fourier functions (EFFs), to provide estimates of global aspects, and 2) continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) to generate an objective estimate of localized features. EFFs are computed, using a set of pseudohomologous points, to create a precise analog of the boundary.

Secular changes in head dimensions of Japanese adult male students over eight decades.

The aim was to study secular changes in head dimensions of Japanese adult males. The subjects were all of Japanese birth and Japanese ancestry. The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 25 years.

A quantitative approach for measuring crowding in the dental arch: Fourier descriptors.

Dental crowding is defined as a discrepancy between tooth size and jaw size that results in a misalignment of the tooth row. Proposed reasons for crowding include excessively large teeth, small jaws, and a combination of both. Nevertheless, the parameters that would allow the prediction of crowding have not been identified.

Secular trends for takeoff and maximum adolescent growth for eight decades of Japanese cohort data.

The presence of secular trends in the onset or takeoff of the adolescent growth spurt and subsequent adolescent growth of Japanese boys and girls were investigated using data published in "The Statistical Report of the School Health Survey" by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan. An optimum kernel regression method was used to derive the biological parameters of the adolescent growth curve. An increasing trend in height at takeoff (i.

Adolescent growth events in eight decades of Japanese cohort data: sex differences.

The presence of secular trends in sex differences for the onset or takeoff of the adolescent growth spurt and subsequent (adolescent) growth of Japanese boys and girls were investigated using data published in "The Statistical Report of the School Health Survey" of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan. An optimum kernel regression method was used to derive the biological parameters of the adolescent growth curve. The six parameters derived from the regression analysis were age at takeoff (ATO), height at takeoff (HTO), velocity at takeoff (VTO), peak height velocity (PHV), age at PHV (APHV), and height at PHV (HPHV).

Describing shape changes in the human mandible using elliptical Fourier functions.

Elliptical Fourier functions (EFF) were generated for the boundary outline of the mandibular form in 24 non-orthodontic growth study subjects at 9, 11, 13, and 15 years of age. The mean residual fit (observed versus predicted points) of the mandibular form was 0.11 mm, with a range from 0.

Sex differences in proximal humeral outline shape: elliptical Fourier functions.

A method is presented for the numerical analysis of sex differences in size and shape of the proximal humeral outlines using elliptical Fourier functions (EFFs). A skeletal sample consisting of right and left humeri pairs of 69 individuals, 36 males and 33 females, was used. The proximal superior view in the plane of the proximo-distal axis of each humerus was photographed and then 54 boundary points were located on the two-dimensional outline tracings.

Shape changes in the cleft palate maxilla: a longitudinal study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the shape of the maxilla in Norma lateralis of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with non-CLP controls matched for sex and age. This study utilized elliptical Fourier functions to assess the presence of residual shape changes in the cleft palate maxilla after treatment, compared with controls.

Design: Longitudinal data (n = 25) were available from the Miami Craniofacial Anomalies Foundation.

Skeletal jaw relationships: a quantitative assessment using elliptical Fourier functions.

Elliptical Fourier functions (EFF) were generated for the boundary outlines of the hard tissue craniofacial complex including the maxilla, mandible, and cranial base in order to quantitatively describe adult patients (n = 98) who were initially classified into nine skeletal groups by a combination of conventional cephalometric measures and clinical judgement. The mean residual fit of the EFF-predicted points and the original digitized data for the individual subjects ranged from .42 mm to .

Quantification of function regulator therapy using elliptical Fourier functions.

The application of various functional appliances to correct antero-posterior skeletal discrepancies in the treatment of Class III malocclusion has received increased attention. In this context, elliptical Fourier functions (EFF) are particularly useful for eliciting boundary-outline information. This longitudinal study was undertaken to visually and numerically describe the shape alterations arising as a response to treatment with the FR-3 appliance of Fränkel.

Fourier analysis of shape changes in the Japanese skull: occipital view.

Photographs (norma occipitalis) of Japanese adult skulls (n = 171) were mathematically described with Fourier analysis to assess shape changes over time. The materials used were adult male skulls excavated from the Kanto District and covered four age-periods; Jomon (2000-1000 BC). Kamakura (14C.

Longitudinal study of cranial base shape changes in Macaca nemestrina.

The primate cranial base (CB) represents a complex irregular structure even when limited to two dimensions, making it difficult to describe quantitatively using the conventional metrical approach composed of angles and distances. Consequently, a curve-fitting procedure, elliptical Fourier functions (EFF), was utilized, which accurately defines the form of complex two-dimensional morphologies. A longitudinal Macaca nemestrina sample consisting of 14 females and 15 males was utilized.

Shape changes due to functional appliances.

Functional appliances are now routinely used in orthodontic treatment to correct anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies, based on the assumption that existing functional patterns can be modified to yield a new morphological pattern. However, the mechanisms by which this correction occurs remain in dispute as current measurement procedures, primarily mathematical, do not adequately describe shape changes. This paper introduces a new measurement method, Fourier descriptors, to clinical dentistry.

Use of Fourier analysis to determine age-related changes in the facial profile.

This study demonstrated the feasibility and utility of fitting a Fourier function to the facial profile to accurately characterize changes in shape associated with aging, orthodontic or prosthodontic treatment, and orthognathic surgery. In contrast to conventional metric approaches, Fourier analysis provided a detailed measurement of the facial profile and facilitated the quantitative assessment of changes in its shape. Fourier functions, corrected for size, were computed for each of the 77 facial profiles and used to measure longitudinal changes in the midsagittal facial outline.

Method for analyzing complex two-dimensional forms: Elliptical Fourier functions.

A generalized procedure, elliptical Fourier analysis, for accurately characterizing the shape of complex morphological forms of the type commonly encountered in the biological sciences, is described. Elliptical Fourier functions are derived as a parametric formulation from conventional Fourier analysis, i.e.

Carapace growth of the turtle Chrysemys scripta: a longitudinal study of shape using Fourier analysis.

Because the majority of morphological structures encountered in Biology are irregular in form, conventional metrics composed of distances, angles and ratios, are inefficient shape descriptors. To circumvent this drawback in the application of morphometrics to describe 2 dimensional shapes, an alternative procedure based on Fourier analysis was developed and applied to the turtle carapace. Once size differences were controlled for, the presence of shape changes with age could be demonstrated.