Effects of orange peel extract () treatment on zebrafish oocytes () exposed to heat stress.

Background And Aim: Heat stress (HS) can negatively impact oocytes by disrupting mitochondrial activity, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, and decreasing antioxidant levels. This study investigated the impact of orange peel (OP) exposure on zebrafish oocytes (ZOs) diameter, survival rate, and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) during HS.

Material And Methods: We investigated the antioxidant effect of flavonoids (concentration = 328.

Membrane-based preparative methods and bioactivities mapping of tempe-based peptides.

This study was aimed to produce bioactive peptides from optimally fermented tempe, and map their overall bioactivities. There were three preparative methods utilized for producing tempe-based peptides, such as water-facilitated extraction, alcalase, and papain hydrolysis, and in combination with membrane filtration. Fermenting soybean at 144 h was selected as the optimum time based on protein content and degree of hydrolysis.

Effect of Newcastle disease virus level of infection on embryonic length, embryonic death, and protein profile changes.

Background And Aim: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an obligate intracellular parasite. Virus can only live on living cells. The embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) are one of the growth media of virus that is a cheap, easy to do, and accurate for showing patterns of virus change in the host.

Item type, occlusion, and gender differences in mental rotation.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of item type in mental rotation. In each experiment, participants completed two computerized mental rotation tasks, one with blocks as stimuli and one with human figures as stimuli. The tasks were formatted either as a multiple-choice psychometric test (Experiment 1) or as a same-different type task (Experiment 2).

Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study.

Introduction: We undertook a prospective community-based study in North Jakarta, Indonesia, to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, seasonality, etiologic agent, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of enteric fever.

Methodology: Following a census, treatment centre-based surveillance for febrile illness was conducted for two-years. Clinical data and a blood culture were obtained from each patient.

Etiology of acute, non-malaria, febrile illnesses in Jayapura, northeastern Papua, Indonesia.

We conducted a prospective, inpatient fever study in malaria-endemic Papua, Indonesia to determine non-malaria fever etiologies. Investigations included malaria blood films, blood culture, paired serologic samples analysis for dengue, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, murine typhus, and spotted fever group rickettsia. During 1997-2000, 226 patients (127 males and 99 females) 1-80 years of age (median age = 25 years) were enrolled.

Shigella-associated diarrhea in children in South Jakarta, Indonesia.

A surveillance of Shigella infections was conducted on 612 children aged 0-12 years-old presenting with diarrhea to Mampang and Tebet Community Health Centers in South Jakarta, Indonesia, during February 2005 through September 2007. Shigella was isolated from 9.3% of diarrhea patients in the health centers.

Serovar distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from pediatric patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.

A study was conducted during January 2003 through August 2005, at two community health centers in south Jakarta, Indonesia, to detect nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in children with diarrhea. A total of 814 rectal swab samples were collected, of which 56 (6.9%) were positive for Salmonella.

Standard WHO-ORS versus reduced-osmolarity ORS in the management of cholera patients.

The study compared the safety and efficacy of an oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution, containing 75 mmol/L of sodium and glucose each, with the standard World Health Organization (WHO)-ORS solution in the management of ongoing fluid losses, after initial intravenous rehydration to correct dehydration. The study was conducted among patients aged 12-60 years hospitalized with diarrhoea due to cholera. One hundred seventy-six patients who were hospitalized with acute diarrhoea and signs of severe dehydration were rehydrated intravenously and then randomly assigned to receive either standard ORS solution (311 mmol/L) or reduced-osmolarity ORS solution (245 mmol/L).

The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance.

Background: In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area.

Methods: We conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study from August 2001 to July 2003 in an impoverished area of North Jakarta to assess the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera. At participating health care providers, a case report form was completed and stool sample collected from cases presenting with diarrhoea.

Growth inhibition of enteric pathogens by zinc sulfate: an in vitro study.

Objective: To determine the inhibition effect of zinc sulfate on isolates of enteric bacteria.

Materials And Methods: Mueller-Hinton agar containing different concentrations of zinc sulfate was prepared. Isolates used in this study were obtained from local clinics.

Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in hospitalized acute diarrhea patients in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.

The relationship between enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea was examined in a study conducted in two hospitals from June 2000 to May 2001 in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. A total of 489 hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea were enrolled, and their rectal swabs were screened for enteric bacterial pathogens. Toxins, colonization factor antigens (CFAs), in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and seasonal distribution patterns associated with ETEC were ascertained.

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in Indonesia.

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of Jakarta, Padang, Medan, Denpasar, Pontianak, Makassar, and Batam, Indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Vibrio cholerae O1 (37.1%) was the pathogen most frequently detected, followed by Shigella spp.

Surveillance of bacterial pathogens of diarrhea disease in Indonesia.

Emerging or reemerging infections due to bacterial disease may be a local, regional or global problem. Bacterial acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in travelers and deployed U.S.

Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.

The prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from March 1997 through August 1999 in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. Bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, while S.

Spectrum of vibrio species associated with acute diarrhea in North Jakarta, Indonesia.

Vibrio spp was isolated from 1024 (21.2%) of 4820 diarrhea patients admitted to a community hospital in North Jakarta from 1996 through 1998. Vibrio cholerae O1 (49.

Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A from different geographical regions in Asia.

Aims: Subtyping of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Malaysia was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these isolates from different endemic countries.

Methods And Results: A total of 39 human isolates of Salmonella Paratyphi A from Pakistan, India, Indonesia and Malaysia were studied using PFGE analysis following digestion of chromosomal DNA with XbaI. Seven isolates from Pakistan were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole.

Characterization of Norwalk-like virus associated with gastroenteritis in Indonesia.

Norwalk Virus and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are reportedly responsible for 2.5-4.0% of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (NBAG) worldwide.

Incidence of Norwalk-like viruses, rotavirus and adenovirus infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs), rotavirus and adenovirus are reportedly responsible from 4 to 42% of non-bacterial acute sporadic gastroenteritis. The incidence of NLVs, adenovirus and rotavirus infections in Indonesia is unclear. A total of 402 symptomatic cases from Indonesian patients with acute gastroenteritis and 102 asymptomatic controls that tested negative for bacteria and parasites were screened for the presence of NLVs, rotavirus and adenovirus using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Rotaclone kits and Adenoclone kits.

Experimental infection of Macaca nemestrina with a Toronto Norwalk-like virus of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

Norwalk virus (NV) and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are common etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis. Viral gastroenteritis is a common disease that is highly transmissible, spreading rapidly through families, institutions, and communities. Because methods for in vitro cultivation of Norwalk etiologic agents are not available, information regarding this syndrome has come largely from studies in human volunteers.

Cholera in Indonesia in 1993-1999.

Cholera-specific surveillance in Indonesia was initiated to identify the introduction of the newly recognized Vibrio cholerae non-O1, O139 serotype. Findings from seven years (1993-1999) of surveillance efforts also yielded regional profiles of the importance of cholera in both epidemic and sporadic diarrheal disease occurrence throughout the archipelago. A two-fold surveillance strategy was pursued involving 1) outbreak investigations, and 2) hospital-based case recognition.

Toxins and colonization factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among residents of Jakarta, Indonesia.

Infection caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) poses a serious health problem among children and adults in developing countries. Colonization of the small intestinal mucosa by ETEC strains is mediated by antigenically specific fimbriae, also known as colonization factor antigens (CFA). The significance of this study arises from reports that active and passive immunization with ETEC strains harboring CFAs has previously been shown to induce protective immunity against diarrhea in animal models.

Shigella spp. surveillance in Indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of S. dysenteriae.

From June 1998 through November 1999, Shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout Indonesia. S.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in North Jakarta, Indonesia.

A diarrhea study was conducted in North Jakarta, Indonesia from December 1996 through December 1997. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 333 (6.1%) of 5442 rectal swab samples collected from patients with cholera-like diarrhea.