Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence System for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening in Nepal and Mongolia.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a deep learning (DL) algorithm for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in Nepal and Mongolia.

Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data.

Participants: Clinical information and fundus images were obtained from infants in 2 ROP screening programs in Nepal and Mongolia.

Development of Screening Criteria for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Using a Web-based Data Management System.

Purpose: To describe a process for identifying birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) screening guidelines in Mongolia.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital in Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, of 193 premature infants with GA of 36 weeks or younger and/or BW of 2,000 g or less) with regression analysis to determine associations between BW and GA and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Results: As BW and GA decreased, the relative risk of developing ROP increased.

Retinal ultra-wide-field colour imaging versus dilated fundus examination to screen for sickle cell retinopathy.

Purpose: To compare ultra-wide-field colour fundus imaging (UWFI) to dilated fundus examination (DFE) for the screening of sickle cell retinopathy (SCR).

Design: This study is a prospective, blinded, multicentre case series.

Participants: This study included two groups: an adult group (n=268 eyes) and a paediatric group (n=168 eyes).

Fluorescein Angiography Findings in Children With Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Background And Objective: To evaluate the retinal and vasculature changes in infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) using fluorescein angiography (FA).

Patients And Methods: This consecutive case series included six infants with CZS. FA and color fundus imaging were performed under general anesthesia in both eyes of all infants using a contact widefield digital imaging system.

Secondary Prevention of Retinoblastoma Revisited: Laser Photocoagulation of Invisible New Retinoblastoma.

Purpose: Invisible retinoblastoma tumors are now detected with screening for retinal tumors in at-risk neonates (those inheriting RB1 pathogenic alleles from affected parents) using handheld OCT. Laser photocoagulation is challenging, requiring exact localization of a tumor invisible to indirect ophthalmoscopy and standard imaging. We describe OCT-guided localization and photocoagulation of these invisible tumors with 1-year follow-up.

Vision and visual potential for perifoveal retinoblastoma after optical coherence tomographic-guided sequential laser photocoagulation.

Background/aims: To assess tumour control, vision and anatomical visual potential in eyes with perifoveal retinoblastoma treated by sequential photocoagulation from the antifoveal tumour edge inwards, avoiding treatment near the fovea. Patients were monitored for tumour control, foveal and perifoveal anatomy at each treatment session by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and treated for amblyopia when the other eye had better vision.

Methods: Eyes with perifoveal retinoblastoma treated between 1 January 2011 and 31 May 2017 with laser therapy after chemotherapy for juxtafoveal (fovea clear of tumour but <3000 µm from tumour edge) or foveolar retinoblastoma (tumour underlying fovea) were retrospectively reviewed for tumour control without recurrence, anatomical success (foveal pit preservation and/or restoration with ≥500 µm perifoveal retina free of tumour and scar) and functional success (acceptable (>0.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Decisions in Retinoblastoma Management.

Purpose: Assess the role of handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) in guiding management decisions during diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of eyes affected by retinoblastoma.

Design: Retrospective, noncomparative, single-institution case series.

Participants: All children newly diagnosed with retinoblastoma from January 2011 to December 2015 who had an OCT session during their active treatment at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in Toronto, Canada.

Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders.

Objective: There is limited evidence on whether growing mobile phone availability in sub-Saharan Africa can be used to promote high adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study tested the efficacy of short message service (SMS) reminders on adherence to ART among patients attending a rural clinic in Kenya.

Design: A randomized controlled trial of four SMS reminder interventions with 48 weeks of follow-up.

A visual approach to providing prognostic information to parents of children with retinoblastoma.

Objective: Parents must rapidly assimilate complex information when a child is diagnosed with cancer. Education correlates with the ability to process and use medical information. Graphic tools aid reasoning and communicate complex ideas with precision and efficiency.

Dynamic documentation of the evolution of retinopathy of prematurity in video format.

Introduction: Serial digital photographic examinations have been combined into a video format, which shows development and evolution of the disease over time. This dynamic format has changed the teaching of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by illustrating the subtle changes in the temporal arcade angle and choroidal vascular pattern, which can be observed over time in these videos.

Methods: Consecutive weekly or biweekly images were obtained on the same infant and were captured using digital retinal photography (RetCam 120) and then archived on compact discs.

Assessment of change of optic nerve head cupping in pediatric glaucoma using the RetCam 120.

Purpose: To ascertain the interobserver agreement among various specialists when analyzing images of the optic nerve head taken with the RetCam 120 (Clarity Medical Systems, Inc., Pleasanton, CA) for assessing the progression of optic disk cupping in pediatric glaucoma.

Methods: Five observers compared pairs of RetCam 120 two-dimensional photographs from 64 eyes to identify whether or not changes in the optic disk had occurred.

Ocular phenotypes of three genetic variants of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous multisystem disorder that causes severe visual impairment. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), hypogonadism, digit and renal anomalies, obesity, and a variable degree of mental retardation characterize the disorder. Eight different loci have been identified on 2q31(BBS5), 3p13 (BBS3), 4q27 (BBS7), 11q13 (BBS1), 14q32 (BBS8), 15q22.

Characteristic retinal atrophy with secondary "inverse" optic atrophy identifies vigabatrin toxicity in children.

Objective: To describe the clinical pattern of retinal atrophy in children caused by the anticonvulsant vigabatrin.

Design: An interventional case series report.

Participants: One hundred thirty-eight patients, mainly infants, were evaluated regularly for evidence of possible vigabatrin toxicity in the Eye and Neurology clinics at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.

Pupillary reflex dilation and skin temperature to assess sensory level during combined general and caudal anesthesia in children.

Background: Regional anesthesia causes sympathetic blockade, vasodilation and higher skin temperature in anesthetized dermatomes. Measurement of skin temperature changes might provide a useful estimate of the level of caudal anesthesia in children. Pupillary reflex dilation (PRD) allows estimation of the sensory level during combined general/epidural anesthesia in adults, but has not been assessed in children.

Assessment of extraocular muscles position and anatomy by 3-dimensional ultrasonography: a trial in craniosynostosis patients.

Purpose: To determine whether 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3D US) provides information about anatomy and position of extraocular muscles to better guide surgeons approaching strabismus in patients with craniosynostosis who often have anomalous or absent eye muscles.

Methods: The 4 rectus eye muscles were imaged using 3D US for 7 children with craniosynostosis before or after strabismus surgery. Reconstructed 3D images were interpreted as having normal or abnormal anatomy and position, based on comparison with images acquired from 6 normal eyes.

Evaluation of the ultrasound biomicroscope in strabismus surgery.

Purpose: This study was done to determine the ability of the ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) to define the distance of the horizontal extraocular muscle insertions from the limbus in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

Methods: A total of 51 children undergoing primary surgery on their horizontal muscles were recruited for this study. The 50 MHz UBM was used before surgery on the muscle(s) requiring an operation to define the distance of the insertion of the horizontal rectus muscle(s) from the limbus.