Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Introduction: High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II.

Identification and Characterization of a Novel Association between Dietary Potassium and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: Recent animal studies have identified that dietary salt intake may modify the risk and progression of autoimmune disorders through modulation of the IL-23/T17 pathway, which is critical in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).

Methods: We conducted a prospective study of U.S.

Zinc intake and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Diet plays a role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dietary zinc may influence risk of disease through effects on autophagy, innate and adaptive immune response and maintenance of the intestinal barrier.

Methods: We analysed data from 170 776 women from the Nurses Health Study I and Nurses Health Study II, who were followed for 26 years.

High School Diet and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: Diet may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); yet, there are few prospective studies of dietary factors. None have examined the association between adolescent diet and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (CD and UC).

Methods: This study included women enrolled in Nurses' Health Study II who completed a validated high school dietary questionnaire in 1998.

Endogenous levels of circulating androgens and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis among women: a nested case-control study from the nurses' health study cohorts.

Background: Androgens, which are known to be altered by exogenous hormone use, have recently been linked to alterations of the gut microbiome and mucosal immune function. No study has evaluated the association between circulating levels of androgens and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II who provided a blood specimen.

Measures of obesity and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Background: Obesity is associated with intestinal-specific inflammation. Nonetheless, a specific role of obesity in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is unclear.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of U.

Sleep duration affects risk for ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study.

Background & Aims: Sleep deprivation is associated with production of inflammatory cytokines. Disturbed sleep quality has been associated with increased risk of disease flare in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the association between sleep and risk of incident CD and UC has not been previously examined.

Physical activity and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective study from the Nurses' Health Study cohorts.

Objective: To examine the association between physical activity and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II.

A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Background & Aims: Increased intake of dietary fiber has been proposed to reduce the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]). However, few prospective studies have examined associations between long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of incident CD or UC.

Methods: We collected and analyzed data from 170,776 women, followed up over 26 years, who participated in the Nurses' Health Study, followed up for 3,317,425 person-years.

Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Introduction: Dietary fats influence intestinal inflammation and regulate mucosal immunity. Data on the association between dietary fat and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are limited and conflicting.

Methods: We conducted a prospective study of women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts.

Early life factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in adulthood.

Background: Early life factors have been postulated to play a role in development of immune tolerance and intestinal microbiome, which in turn may influence the risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 60,186 U.S.

Association between depressive symptoms and incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: results from the Nurses' Health Study.

Background & Aims: Depression and psychosocial stress are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although many mechanisms have been proposed to link these disorders, few prospective studies have examined the relationship between depressed mood and incidence of CD or UC.

Methods: We analyzed data from 152,461 women (aged 29-72 years) enrolled since 1992-1993 in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts I and II.

Hormone therapy increases risk of ulcerative colitis but not Crohn's disease.

Background & Aims: Estrogen has been proposed to modulate gut inflammation through an effect on estrogen receptors found on gastrointestinal epithelial and immune cells. The role of postmenopausal hormone therapy on risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is unclear.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 108,844 postmenopausal US women (median age, 54 years) enrolled in 1976 in the Nurses' Health Study without a prior history of CD or UC.

A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women.

Objectives: Long-term data on the influence of cigarette smoking, especially cessation, on the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are limited.

Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 229,111 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II). Biennially, we collected updated data on cigarette smoking, other risk factors, and diagnoses of CD or UC confirmed by medical record review.

Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Oral contraceptive use has been associated with risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Objective: To determine whether this association is confounded or modified by other important lifestyle and reproductive factors.

Design: A prospective cohort study was carried out of 117,375 US women enrolled since 1976 in the Nurses Health Study I (NHS I) and 115,077 women enrolled since 1989 in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) with no prior history of UC or CD.

Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis: a cohort study.

Background: Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are anti-inflammatory but have been linked in some studies to Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Objective: To assess the association between aspirin and NSAID use and incident CD and UC.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease.

Background & Aims: Vitamin D influences innate immunity, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, data examining vitamin D status in relation to risk of CD and UC are lacking.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 72,719 women (age, 40-73 y) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study.

Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America.

Background: Studies of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have varied in the criteria used to classify patients as having Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or indeterminate colitis (IC). Patients undergoing an initial evaluation for IBD will often undergo a series of diagnostic tests, including barium upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through, abdominal CT, upper endoscopy, and colonoscopy with biopsies. Other tests performed less frequently include magnetic resonance imaging scans, serological testing, and capsule endoscopy.