Sample Selection Bias Due to Differential Mortality: A Supplementary Measure of Old-Age Poverty.

Traditional "head count" measures of poverty at advanced older ages understate the risk of falling into poverty because of survivorship bias due to the income-mortality gradient, which indicates that people in poverty have higher mortality rates than people with higher income. Survivorship bias is a form of sample selection bias. This paper presents a supplementary measure for poverty at older ages, based on an adaption of a model for correcting survivorship bias in rate of return data for mutual funds.

Employer Reactions to the Affordable Care Act.

Although the implementation of parts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was delayed until 2015, many firms had already made changes to their health insurance plans and their business practices. This article reports results from a survey administered to western Michigan firms in October 2013 requesting information on any changes they made in response to ACA. The authors found that although 89% of employers planned to offer health insurance in 2014, that number dropped to 66% in 2015.