Two types of projection neurons in human striatum: peculiarities of their somatodendritic structure in ventral and dorsal striatum.

The somatodendritic structure of projection neurons was morphometrically examined in the nucleus accumbens of human brain. In contrast to reticular neurons, spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum have different somatodendritic structure. In both parts of the striatum, reticular neurons were NADPH-diaphorase-positive.

A common system of sparsely-branched projection (reticular) NADPH-diaphorase neurons in formations of densely-branched cells in the human forebrain.

Morphometric studies of human forebrain formations composed of densely branched cells - the entorhinal cortex, the basolateral amygdala, the nucleus accumbens, the striatum, and the dorsal thalamus - were performed using nine parameters, with statistical analysis of the resulting data; measurements addressed the major projection-type densely branched and sparsely branched reticular neurons (scattered reticular and marginal reticular cells of the dorsal thalamus) stained by the Golgi method and with NADPH-diaphorase. Scattered reticular cells in the various formations showed no differences in any of the nine measures, while there were significant differences (in 5-7 measures, apart from one comparison, where there were differences in two measures) in their major projection-type densely branched cells. Scattered reticular and main projection-type densely branched neurons in each formation differed in terms of 7-9 measures.

[Common system of sparsely branched projection (reticular) NADPH-diaphorase neurons in the human forebrain formations built from densely branched cells].

Cell morphometry with statistical analysis (using 9 parameters) of densely branched projection and sparsely branched reticular neurons was performed in the human forebrain formations built from densely branched projection neurons (the entorhinal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens basolateral amygdala, and dorsal thalamus). The reticular neurons included scattered reticular neurons and marginal reticular neurons of the dorsal thalamus. Golgi method and staining for NADPH-diaphorase were used.

Neurons of the basal ganglia of the human brain (striatum and basolateral amygdala) expressing the enzyme NADPH-d.

Types of NADPH-d+ neurons (Vincent et al., 1983) were identified in the striatum and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala; striocortical neurons were detected in the striatum using the DiI marker (Belichenko and Dahlström, 1995). NADPH-d+ cells were numerous.

[Neurons of the human basal ganglia (striatum and basolateral amygdala) expressing the enzyme NADPH-d].

In human striatum and basolateral amygdala NADPH-d+ neurons were revealed (after Vincent et al., 1983); and in striatum strio-cortical neurons were also revealed using DiI marker (after Dahtstrom and Belichenko, 1995). The NADPH-d+ neurons were numerous in both formations.

Morphological study of the entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, and basal ganglia in Rett syndrome patients.

Entorhinal cortex (EC), fascia dentata (FD), hippocampus (HP), and basal ganglia (BG) were studied in Rett syndrome (RS) cases and compared with control brains and an autism case. Kluver-Barrera and Golgi methods were used. In RS most of the areas of EC, HP, and FD showed severe cell hypochromia.

[The cellular structure of the islands of Calleja Magna in the brain of carnivores].

Complex study of the structure of islands of Calleja in carnivore brain (cat and dog) was conducted. Using Nissl and Golgi methods, HRP axonal transport and electron microscopy the islands were found to be composed of cells of 3 types varying in size, shape, dendrite spatial distribution and ultrastructure. The majority of cell population in the islands is formed by small granular cells with scarce medium-sized, mitral-like and larger cells among them.

Large neostriatal neurons in humans and their possible role in neuronal networks.

The Golgi method was used to study the structure of large neostriatal neurons in adult humans. Four types of large interneurons were found (spider cells, hairy cells, asymmetric fan cells, and giant stretched cells), along with two types of large projection cells (large reticular cells with spines and giant reticular cells with smooth dendrites). The structural features and possible mediators of these cells are discussed, along with their roles in neostriatal neuronal networks and in the development of pathological symptoms in chorea and progressive supranuclear paralysis.

[Large neurons of the human neostriatum and their role in the neural network].

4 types of large interneurons (spidery, hairy, fanlike, and giant stretched) and 2 types of large projection cells, were found in the adult human neostriatum. Their structural specifics, transmitters and role in the neostriatum network under normal conditions and in chorea and progressive supranuclear palsy, are discussed.

[The structure and connections of the basal ganglia. The striatum].

On the base of personal studies there were reviewed contemporary data about the internal organization of mammal striatum (n. caudatus, putamen): of their histological and histochemical differentiation, neuronal content, mediators of their neurons, and of the intrinsic and extrinsic connections of these structural elements: there were put forward some hypothesis about functional specificity of these elements and about the arrangement of striatal neuronal network.

[The internal structural differentiation of the putamen in carnivores (the dog) and man].

The putamen tissue was found to have a complicated pattern of different structural fractions in its different parts. These seem to be special morphofunctional modules of the putamen comparable with cortical column fractions.

[The giant multipolar neurons of the reticular formation in the rat brain stem after a 14-day space flight].

The effect of a 2-week space mission on the geometry parameters of giant multipolar neurons of the brain stem reticular formation in the rats flown on board Cosmos-1887 and -2044 are studied. Compensation for a deficiency of vestibular informations from the trigeminal nerve system at the cost of an decreased length of the dendrites oriented toward primary sensory nucleus and from the vestibular system through an increase in the length of the vestibular sensory nuclei-oriented dendrites is discussed.

Peculiarities of the polypeptide composition of the morphofunctionally different neurons of the rat brain.

The present study was aimed to identify peculiarities of the polypeptide composition in three morphofunctionally different classes of neurons of the rat brainstem: giant multipolar neurons of n. reticularis gigantocellularis, relay sensory neurons of lateral geniculate body and pyramidal neurons of the pyramidal layer of the CA3 - CA4 fields of hippocampus. The method of free hand dissection of neurons and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) slab gel microelectrophoresis in our modifications were used.

[The effects of the electrical microstimulation of the areas of the location of different cell types in the caudate nucleus].

Effects of electrostimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats were studied in chronic experiments. Position of electrolytic lesions resulting from stimulation was examined histologically with respect to the surrounding cell type. Stimulation of the caudate nucleus zones with cells responding to sensory stimuli induced cat's movement and corresponding lesions were situated around striosomes among large cells with long axons.

[Morphometry of giant multipolar neurons of the brain stem reticular formation in rats on board the Kosmos-1667 biosatellite].

Giant multipolar neurons of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of rats which had been kept on board the biosatellite "Kosmos-1667" were morphometrically studied. There was a trend towards the increase in the cellular surface, the maximum diameter of dendritic field, the volume of the whole dendritic territory in the test group ad in the control experimental group kept on the earth. A reliable decrease in dendritic mass oriented to nucleus vestibularis and an increase in dendritic mass oriented to the midline were also found in test group, as compared to 3 control groups.

[Various principles of the organization of preterminal and terminal branches of afferent conductors in neuropil of the snail dorsal ganglia].

Character of ramifications in the preterminal and terminal axonal parts in the neuropil of the dorsal ganglia have been studied in 16 edible snails (Halix pomatia). The nervous tissue is impregnated with silver nitrate after Golgifast method. Serial sections are made in two projections: horizontal and vertical.

[Effect of chronic stimulation of the emotionogenic zones of the hypothalamus on the status of carbohydrate metabolism in the rabbit].

In chronic experiments on rabbits receiving for 3 months low doses of cholesterol (60 mg per 1 kg of body weight daily), a repeated prolonged (2 h daily) intermittent stimulation of negative and positive emotive zones of the hypothalamus through implanted electrodes (eliciting avoidance and self-stimulation reactions correspondingly),--resulted in uniform disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. There was a significant reduction of glucose tolerance in comparison with the control group of rabbits with implanted electrodes, as well as a gradual development of a slight, but stable neurogenic hyperglycemia. Simultaneously, in both experimental rabbits groups there were an equal increase of alimentary hypercholesterolemia and a development of persistent neurogenic arterial hypertension.

Dendritic changes in the basal nucleus of Meynert and in the diagonal band nucleus in Alzheimer's disease--a quantitative Golgi investigation.

Golgi-impregnated reticular neurons and multipolar giant neurons, the two main classes of neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert and in the diagonal band nucleus, were investigated morphometrically in five cases of Alzheimer's disease, and compared to controls. Both degenerative as well as regenerative neuronal changes were observed in cases of Alzheimer's disease. Degenerative changes such as irregular swellings and the fragmentation of dendrites are most pronounced on reticular neurons but can also be detected to a lesser extent on multipolar giant neurons.

[Efferent connections of the striatum with the Ep field of the temporal cortex in the cat].

When horseradish peroxidase was injected into the Ep area of the temporal cortex of 5 cats, the distribution of the labelled neurons in the strio-pallidum and in the nucleus of Meynert was similar in all the cases. In the striatum predominantly large cells (in the nucleus caudatus and in the putamen), as well as middle and small (in the putamen) cells were labelled. Comparing the form and size of the labelled cells in the striatum, revealed in Golgi preparations, it is possible to conclude that large labelled neurons correspond to long-axonal sparsely-branching reticular neurons, and middle and small--to long-axonal densely-branching dendroid "spinular" neurons.

[Quantitative analysis of the structure of neuronal dendritic spines in the striatum using the Leitz-ASM system].

Two principal classes of striatum long axonal neurons (sparsely ramified reticular cells and densely ramified dendritic cells) were analyzed quantitatively in four animal species: hedgehog, rabbit, dog and monkey. The cross section area, total dendritic length and the area of dendritic field were measured using "LEITZ-ASM" system. Classes of neurons studied were significantly different in dogs and monkeys, while no differences were noted between hedgehog and rabbit.

[Quantitative morphologic characteristics of neurons of the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve developing after partial deafferentation].

Five types of neurons were studied in the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve stained by the Golgi method in kittens aged 30 days with bilateral transection of the lingual branches of trigeminal nerve made on the fifth postnatal day. Partial deafferentation resulted in changes of dendrite apparatus of reticular, arborescent and bushy neurons (68.61 and 48% of neurons changed).