Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges in Hydrological Research: Summary on Measurement Uncertainties, Calibration, and Error Reduction Strategies.

Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBRs) continue to be one of the most widely used pieces of equipment for rainfall monitoring; they are frequently used for the calibration, validation, and downscaling of radar and remote sensing data, due to their major advantages-low cost, simplicity and low-energy consumption. Thus, many works have focused and continue to focus on their main disadvantage-measurement biases (mainly in wind and mechanical underestimations). However, despite arduous scientific effort, calibration methodologies are not frequently implemented by monitoring networks' operators or data users, propagating bias in databases and in the different applications of such data, causing uncertainty in the modeling, management, and forecasting in hydrological research, mainly due to a lack of knowledge.

Suitability of Sustainable Agricultural Drainage Systems for adapting agriculture to climate change.

This paper presents a comprehensive and practical method for Sustainable Agricultural Drainage Systems (SADS) design. It is aimed at studying the suitability of using surface runoff as irrigation source. The method determines the optimum amount of surface runoff to be used for irrigation considering both environmental constraints (aquifers recharge, discharge to natural water courses) and investment and operation costs.

Irrigation systems in smart cities coping with water scarcity: The case of Valdebebas, Madrid (Spain).

This study is aimed at assessing the performance of irrigation systems in Valdebebas, an urban development located in Madrid (Spain), as an example of smart irrigation. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is the major irrigation method, although surface drip irrigation (DI) is also applied in a small area. The irrigation scheduling is made by the park manager, using the plant water requirements based on the reference evapotranspiration retrieved from a nearby weather station, and a plant coefficient K.

Environmental and socio-economic methodologies and solutions towards integrated water resources management.

Semi-arid regions are facing the challenge of managing water resources under conditions of increasing scarcity and drought. These are recently pressured by the impact of climate change favoring the shifting from using surface water to groundwater without taking sustainability issues into account. Likewise, water scarcity raises the competition for water among users, increasing the risk of social conflicts, as the availability of fresh water in sufficient quality and quantity is already one of the major factors limiting socio-economic development.