Battle royale: Immune response on biofilms - host-pathogen interactions.

The research interest of the scientific community in biofilm-forming microorganisms is growing due to the problems caused by their infections affecting humans and animals, mainly because of the difficulty of the host immune system in eradicating these microbial complex communities and the increasing antimicrobial resistance rates worldwide. This review describes the virulence factors and their interaction with the microbial communities of four well-known and highly biofilm-forming pathogens, more exactly, , , spp., and spp.

Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: A systematic review.

The high prevalence of nosocomial infections is related to the use of medical insertion devices such as central venous catheters (CVCs). Most of the microorganisms causing nosocomial infections are biofilm producers, this characteristic allows them to adhere to abiotic surfaces and cause initial catheter infections that can lead to bloodstream infections. Our main goal in this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence of biofilm among CVC-related infections, particularly among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, in the studies applying different and methodologies.