has developed several strategies using its diverse virulence factors to trigger and, at the same time, limit the host's inflammatory responses in order to establish a chronic infection in the human stomach. One of the virulence factors that has recently received more attention is a member of the outer membrane protein family, the adhesin HopQ, which binds to the human Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecules (CEACAMs) on the host cell surface. The HopQ-CEACAM interaction facilitates the translocation of the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), an important effector protein of , into host cells the Type IV secretion system (T4SS).
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