Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on the sleep architecture in cirrhosis.

Study Objectives: Sleep disturbances in cirrhosis are assumed to be due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The interaction between cirrhosis, prior HE, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the additional effect of cirrhosis with and without prior HE on the sleep architecture and perceived sleep disturbances of OSA patients.

A prospective multicenter study of competency metrics and educational interventions in the learning of bronchoscopy among new pulmonary fellows.

Background: Learning medical procedures relies predominantly on the apprenticeship model, and competency is established based on the number of performed procedures. Our study aimed to establish bronchoscopy competency metrics based on performance and enhanced learning with educational interventions.

Methods: We conducted a prospective study of the acquisition of bronchoscopy skills and cognitive knowledge in two successive cohorts of new pulmonary fellows between July 5, 2006, and June 30, 2008.