Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Infant: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the improvement in respiratory parameters of infants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated with medical or surgical intervention.

Data Sources: A comprehensive review was completed using the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane libraries including articles published from 1975 to 2024.

Review Methods: Interventions studied included adenotonsillectomy, mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO), tongue/lip adhesion, partial glossectomy, floor-of-mouth release, supraglottoplasty, oral appliances, tracheostomy, and positioning.

Pan AMPK Activation Protects Tubules in Rat Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by an abrupt decline in kidney function and has been associated with excess risks of death, kidney disease progression, and cardiovascular events. The kidney has a high energetic demand with mitochondrial health being essential to renal function and damaged mitochondria has been reported across AKI subtypes. 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation preserves cellular energetics through improvement of mitochondrial function and biogenesis when ATP levels are low such as under ischemia-induced AKI.

Risk of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage among COVID-19 positive pediatric patients.

Objective: COVID-19 infection has been demonstrated to increase risk for post-operative bleeding. This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 infection on post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in pediatric patients, a potentially devastating complication.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Recalcitrant Stenosis Following Pediatric LTR: Contributing Factors and Clinical Impact.

Objectives: Laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) has revolutionized the management of pediatric subglottic stenosis (SGS). However, postoperative stenosis remains a difficult hurdle to overcome. Our goal is to determine the clinical impact of recalcitrant stenosis after LTR and the factors contributing to postoperative stenosis.

Pediatric Airway Balloon Dilation: Urge for Safety Redesign.

Airway balloons are widely used by otolaryngologists to treat laryngotracheal stenosis. We review an adverse event and interventions that may prevent similar occurrences. There are no other reports of similar incidents in the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience.

Decannulation in Revision Pediatric Laryngotracheal Reconstruction.

Objectives: To evaluate how patient characteristics and surgical techniques influence the rate of and time to decannulation after pediatric revision laryngotracheal reconstruction.

Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort investigation of children with a history of laryngotracheal stenosis treated between 2008 and 2021 with revision open airway surgery. The primary outcome evaluated was decannulation.

A retrospective analysis of pain and opioid usage in head and neck free flap reconstruction.

Objectives: Investigate opioid usage and postoperative pain in patients undergoing head and neck free flap surgery.

Methods: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing head and neck free flap reconstruction at two academic centers was performed. Data captured included demographics, postoperative inpatient pain, pain at postoperative visits, morphine equivalent doses (MEDs) administration, medication history, and comorbidities.

Complications associated with costal cartilage harvest in pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction.

Objective: We aimed to determine the rate of complications associated with autologous costal cartilage graft harvest for pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). Secondarily, we sought to identify risk factors associated with the harvest of autologous costal cartilage, as well as evaluate management strategies.

Data Sources: An electronic database search of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and PubMed was completed for articles pertaining to complications in autologous costal cartilage harvest for pediatric LTR.

Surgically treated pediatric tongue masses: A 20 Year review.

Objective: Pediatric tongue lesions represent a rare, diverse group of pathologies related to congenital malformations, inflammatory changes, and neoplastic masses. We present the largest-to-date series of pediatric tongue lesions managed surgically.

Setting: Charts of all pediatric patients with a tongue lesion surgically treated at a regional children's hospital from February 1st, 1997 to August 30th, 2019 were reviewed.

A descriptive study of aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine exposures in children ages 0 to 5 years reported to United States poison centers.

Introduction: Increased prescribing of antipsychotics and availability of new antipsychotics has resulted in increased exposures in children. Current data on aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine are limited.

Methods: This was a retrospective database study utilizing the National Poison Data System from 2015 through 2021.

Benzonatate Safety and Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective: To review the available literature regarding the treatment effects and efficacy of benzonatate needed to better inform patients, providers, and regulators evaluating its role in modern medical therapies.

Data Sources: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), Cochrane Library, and Scopus for original research articles evaluating the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety profile of benzonatate from January 1956 through August 2022.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: The identified studies were screened for relevance and then assessed for inclusion through a full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment by multiple reviewers using the online software Covidence.

Malnutrition universal screening tool predicts postoperative complications following major head and neck cancer surgery.

Background: Head and neck cancer patients are at risk for malnutrition, which can impact postoperative outcomes. This study evaluates the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) to predict outcomes in major head and neck surgeries.

Methods: A retrospective chart review included 275 major surgical procedures performed on 242 patients over the age of 18 years between May 2015 and May 2020.

Decannulation in Trisomy 21 patients undergoing laryngotracheal reconstruction.

Background: Down Syndrome (DS) patients are more susceptible to either congenital or acquired subglottic stenosis (SGS). This often creates a multilevel airway obstruction and can lead to tracheostomy dependence early in life. As a result, they may require Laryngotracheal Reconstruction (LTR) to achieve decannulation.

Employer-Sponsored Health Centers Provide Access to Integrated Care via a Hybrid of Virtual and In-Person Visits.

Since the explosion of telemedicine resulting from the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, employers have been particularly interested in virtual primary care as a novel means of expanding primary care services. The purpose of this study is to describe a model of integrated care delivered both in-person and virtually at employer-sponsored health centers nationwide. The key outcomes of this analysis were the proportion of all care delivered in-person and virtually by clinical discipline, the types of care and member satisfaction for care delivered in-person and virtually, and a description of the use of multiple clinical disciplines by the employee population.

Adolescent Occupational Exposures Reported to United States Poison Centers, 2011-2020.

Objective: The aim of this study was to perform an updated description of adolescent occupational exposures reported to the US poison centers.

Methods: We performed a descriptive analysis of adolescents aged 13 to 19 years with unintentional occupational exposures from 2011 to 2020 using the National Poison Data System. A clinically significant occupational poisoning (CSOP) case is defined as exposures with moderate effect, major effect, or death.

Editorial Commentary: A Complex Network of Bony and Soft-Tissue Stabilizers-and Overall Limb Alignment-Determines Patellofemoral Stability.

Patellofemoral stability is maintained through a complex network of static and dynamic soft-tissue stabilizers, the osseous structure of the patella and trochlea, and overall limb alignment. Thus, determining the risk of recurrent patellar instability must account for as many of these factors as possible in the clinical decision-making process. The tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance is the most common parameter used for this evaluation but may be limited because of methodologic issues and because this distance is an absolute value.

Single-substance trazodone exposures reported to US poison centers from 2000 to 2019.

Background: Individual case reports describe trazodone overdose resulting in QTc prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. The clinical effects and outcomes associated with trazodone exposures on a large-scale basis are less well known.

Objective: The primary objective was to characterize the severity of single substance trazodone exposures and identify any relationships that may exist between dose of trazodone and severity of exposure.

Changes in unintentional cannabis exposures in children 6 months to 5 years reported to United States poison centers during the first nine months of the coronavirus-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Almost half of exposures reported to United States (US) poison centers are exploratory ingestions in children under the age of 5 years. Pediatric cannabis exposures reported to US poison centers have risen over the last twenty years, with greater increases in the last 5 years. In 2020, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in widespread stay-at-home orders and subsequent changes in work, education, and daycare.

Design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of bio-conjugated amylinomimetic peptides as long-acting amylin receptor agonists.

Pramlintide is an equipotent amylin analogue that reduces food intake and body weight in obese subjects and has been clinically approved as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of adult diabetic patients. However, due to its extremely short half-life in vivo, a regimen of multiple daily administrations is required for achieving clinical effectiveness. Herein is described the development of prototypical long-acting pramlintide bioconjugates, in which pramlintide's disulfide-linked macrocycle was replaced by a cyclic thioether motif.

Critical care interventions in children aged 6 months to 12 years admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after unintentional cannabis exposures.

Background: Cannabis exposures in children have risen sharply in recent years, resulting in increased hospital visits and admission to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The intent of this study was to describe the proportion of pediatric patients admitted to the PICU after unintentional cannabis ingestion that received critical care interventions (CCIs) along with describing trends over time in hospitalization, admission to the PICU, and clinical effects and treatments outside of the PICU.

Methods: This was a retrospective database study utilizing the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from 1/1/2000 to 12/31/2020.