Liver fat response to two days fasting and two days isocaloric high-carbohydrate refeeding in lean and obese women.

Background And Aims: Prolonged fasting, which leads to the mobilization of fat from adipose tissue, can result in the development of hepatosteatosis. However, it is not yet known whether the accumulation of fat in the liver after fasting can be affected by concurrent obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how excessive adiposity influences changes in liver fat content induced by fasting and subsequent refeeding.

Obesity alters adipose tissue response to fasting and refeeding in women: A study on lipolytic and endocrine dynamics and acute insulin resistance.

Fasting induces significant shifts in substrate utilization with signs of acute insulin resistance (IR), while obesity is associated with chronic IR. Nonetheless, both states substantially influence adipose tissue (AT) function. Therefore, in this interventional study (NCT04260542), we investigated if excessive adiposity in premenopausal women alters insulin sensitivity and AT metabolic and endocrine activity in response to a 60-h fast and a subsequent 48-h refeeding period.

BCAA metabolism in pancreatic cancer affects lipid balance by regulating fatty acid import into mitochondria.

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been associated with the host dysmetabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), however, the implications for the role of BCAA metabolism in PDAC development or progression are not clear. The mitochondrial catabolism of valine, leucine, and isoleucine is a multistep process leading to the production of short-chain R-CoA species. They can be subsequently exported from mitochondria as short-chain carnitines (SC-CARs), utilized in anabolic pathways, or released from the cells.

The role of adipogenic capacity and dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue in the inheritance of type 2 diabetes mellitus: cross-sectional study.

Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that limited subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expansion represents a primary predisposition to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), independent of obesity, and identified novel markers of SAT dysfunction in the inheritance of T2DM.

Methods: First-degree relatives (FDR) of T2DM patients (n = 19) and control individuals (n = 19) without obesity (fat mass < 25%) were cross-sectionally compared. Body composition (bioimpedance, computed tomography) and insulin sensitivity (IS; oral glucose tolerance test, clamp) were measured.

Severe COVID-19 associated hyperglycemia is caused by beta cell dysfunction: a prospective cohort study.

Background: COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was shown to be associated with an increased risk of new-onset diabetes. Mechanisms contributing to the development of hyperglycemia are still unclear. We aimed to study whether hyperglycemia is related to insulin resistance and/or beta cell dysfunction.

Approaches to Measuring the Activity of Major Lipolytic and Lipogenic Enzymes In Vitro and Ex Vivo.

Since the 1950s, one of the goals of adipose tissue research has been to determine lipolytic and lipogenic activity as the primary metabolic pathways affecting adipocyte health and size and thus representing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and associated diseases. Nowadays, there is a relatively large number of methods to measure the activity of these pathways and involved enzymes, but their applicability to different biological samples is variable. Here, we review the characteristics of mean lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, their inhibitors, and available methodologies for assessing their activity, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies and their applicability in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, i.

Exercise Training Combined with Calanus Oil Supplementation Improves the Central Cardiodynamic Function in Older Women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of exercise training (ET) with omega-3/Calanus oil supplementation on cardiorespiratory and adiposity parameters in elderly women. Fifty-five women (BMI: 19-37 kg/m, 62-80 years old) were recruited and randomly assigned to the 4 month intervention with ET and omega-3 supplementation (Calanus oil, ET-Calanus) or ET and the placebo (sunflower oil; ET-Placebo). The body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using spiroergometry and PhysioFlow hemodynamic testing.

Pancreatic cancer: branched-chain amino acids as putative key metabolic regulators?

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids utilized in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. While extensively studied in obesity and diabetes, recent evidence suggests an important role for BCAA metabolism in cancer. Elevated plasma levels of BCAA are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, namely pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a tumor with one of the highest 1-year mortality rates.

Lymphedema alters lipolytic, lipogenic, immune and angiogenic properties of adipose tissue: a hypothesis-generating study in breast cancer survivors.

Later stages of secondary lymphedema are associated with the massive deposition of adipose tissue (AT). The factors driving lymphedema-associated AT (LAT) expansion in humans remain rather elusive. We hypothesized that LAT expansion could be based on alterations of metabolic, adipogenic, immune and/or angiogenic qualities of AT.

Signs of Deregulated Gene Expression Are Present in Both CD14 and CD14 PBMC From Non-Obese Men With Family History of T2DM.

Aim: Development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with disturbances in immune and metabolic status that may be reflected by an altered gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To reveal a potential family predisposition to these alterations, we investigated the regulation of gene expression profiles in circulating CD14 and CD14 PBMC in fasting conditions and in response to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in glucose tolerant first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2DM patients and in control subjects.

Materials And Methods: This work is based on the clinical study LIMEX (NCT03155412).

Lymphatic drainage affects lipolytic activity of femoral adipose tissue in women.

It has been shown that many molecules released by adipose tissue (AT) into interstitial fluid can reach the bloodstream preferentially via lymphatic system. Worsened lymphatic drainage may alter interstitial fluid (ISF) composition and thus affect microenvironment of adipocytes. Nevertheless, the effect of lymphatic drainage on AT functions remains unknown.

Exercise training induces insulin-sensitizing PAHSAs in adipose tissue of elderly women.

Adverse effects of aging can be delayed with life-style interventions. We examined how exercise training (ET) alone or combined with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) affects serum and adipose tissue (AT) lipidome in older women. Fifty-five sedentary older women were included in the physical activity program and given either sunflower (Placebo) or wax esters-rich (Calanus) oil capsules for 4 months.

Circulating Monocyte and Lymphocyte Populations in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Fasting and during Short-Term Hyperinsulinemia.

Aim: The development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with disturbances of immune status that may be reflected by alterations of the profile of circulating immune cells. In order to study whether there exists genetic predisposition to these alterations, we investigated the relative content of circulating monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations at fasting condition and upon stimulation by short-term hyperinsulinemia in nondiabetic first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2DM patients and in control subjects.

Materials And Methods: 19 nondiabetic (FDR) and 19 control subjects without a family history of diabetes (all men) matched for age and BMI underwent 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.

Expression of lipogenic markers is decreased in subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipocytes of older women and is negatively linked to GDF15 expression.

In aging, the capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to store lipids decreases and this results in metabolically unfavorable fat redistribution. Triggers of this age-related SAT dysfunction may include cellular senescence or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, we compared lipogenic capacity of SAT between young and older women and investigated its relation to senescence and ER stress markers.

Apolipoprotein M: a novel adipokine decreasing with obesity and upregulated by calorie restriction.

Background: The adipose tissue (AT) is a secretory organ producing a wide variety of factors that participate in the genesis of metabolic disorders linked to excess fat mass. Weight loss improves obesity-related disorders.

Objectives: Transcriptomic studies on human AT, and a combination of analyses of transcriptome and proteome profiling of conditioned media from adipocytes and stromal cells isolated from human AT, have led to the identification of apolipoprotein M (apoM) as a putative adipokine.

The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Sarcopenia.

Many physiological changes occur with aging. These changes often, directly or indirectly, result in a deterioration of the quality of life and even in a shortening of life expectancy. Besides increased levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, another important factor affecting the aging process involves a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation.

Comparison of Early (2 Days) and Later (28 Days) Response of Adipose Tissue to Very Low-Calorie Diet in Obese Women.

Context: Beneficial metabolic effects of calorie restriction found in the early stage of hypocalorie diets may be caused by the modulation of metabolic and endocrine function of adipose tissue.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare metabolic and inflammation-related characteristics of sc adipose tissue (SAAT) in the early (2 d) and later (28 d) phase of a very low calorie diet (VLCD). Design, Setting, Intervention, and Patients: Seventeen moderately obese premenopausal women followed an 800 kcal/d VLCD for 28 days.

Acute hyperlipidemia initiates proinflammatory and proatherogenic changes in circulation and adipose tissue in obese women.

Background: Obesity represents a high risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with a low-grade inflammation and activation of immune cells.

Aims: The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a short-term lipid infusion on immune cells in blood and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) in obese women.

Methods: Seven-hour intravenous lipid/control infusions were performed in two groups of women (n = 15, n = 10, respectively).

Experimental hyperglycemia induces an increase of monocyte and T-lymphocyte content in adipose tissue of healthy obese women.

Background/objectives: Hyperglycemia represents one of possible mediators for activation of immune system and may contribute to worsening of inflammatory state associated with obesity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a short-term hyperglycemia (HG) on the phenotype and relative content of immune cells in circulation and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) in obese women without metabolic complications.

Subjects/methods: Three hour HG clamp with infusion of octreotide and control investigations with infusion of octreotide or saline were performed in three groups of obese women (Group1: HG, Group 2: Octreotide, Group 3: Saline, n=10 per group).

Stress of endoplasmic reticulum modulates differentiation and lipogenesis of human adipocytes.

Background: Adipocytes are cells specialized for storage of neutral lipids. This storage capacity is dependent on lipogenesis and is diminished in obesity. The reason for the decline in lipogenic activity of adipocytes in obesity remains unknown.

Postprandial inflammation is not associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy lean men.

The consumption of lipids and simple sugars induces an inflammatory response whose exact molecular trigger remains elusive. The aims of the present study were to investigate (1) whether inflammation induced by a single high-energy, high-fat meal (HFM) is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and (2) whether these inflammatory and ERS responses could be prevented by the chemical chaperone ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). A total of ten healthy lean men were recruited to a randomised, blind, cross-over trial.

Immune cell Toll-like receptor 4 mediates the development of obesity- and endotoxemia-associated adipose tissue fibrosis.

Adipose tissue fibrosis development blocks adipocyte hypertrophy and favors ectopic lipid accumulation. Here, we show that adipose tissue fibrosis is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans and mice. Kinetic studies in C3H mice fed a high-fat diet show activation of macrophages and progression of fibrosis along with adipocyte metabolic dysfunction and death.

Soluble CD163 is associated with CD163 mRNA expression in adipose tissue and with insulin sensitivity in steady-state condition but not in response to calorie restriction.

Context: Soluble CD163 (sCD163) was suggested as a biomarker of insulin sensitivity and CD163 mRNA expression representing macrophage content in adipose tissue (AT).

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in cross-sectional and prospective design, the relationship between sCD163 circulating levels and CD163 mRNA expression in adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Interventions: Two cohorts of subjects were examined in the study.