Age- and sex-specific changes in visceral fat mass throughout the life-span.

Objective: Visceral fat mass (VFM) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and malignancy; however, normative data are limited. The aim of this study was to provide reference data for VFM from a large, apparently healthy Caucasian adult population.

Methods: Volunteers aged 20 to 93 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study had a standardized whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan performed using the iDXA (GE Lunar).

Postprandial muscle protein synthesis rate is unaffected by 20-day habituation to a high protein intake: a randomized controlled, crossover trial.

Purpose: During the last decade more researchers have argued in favor of an increased protein intake for older adults. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the long-term effects of conforming to such a high protein intake with regards to the basal and postprandial muscle protein turnover. The purpose of this study was to compare the postprandial synthesis response in muscle proteins, and the abundance of directly incorporated food-derived amino acids following habituation to high vs.

The Renal Extraction and the Natriuretic Action of GLP-1 in Humans Depend on Interaction With the GLP-1 Receptor.

Purpose: The natriuretic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans is independent of changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but may involve suppression of angiotensin II (ANG II) and a significant (~45%) renal extraction of GLP-1. The current study was designed to investigate the consequences for the renal extraction and the natriuretic effect of blocking GLP-1 receptors with the specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist, Exendin 9-39 (Ex 9-39).

Methods: Under fixed sodium intake for 4 days before each study day, 6 healthy male participants were recruited from our recent study where GLP-1 or vehicle was infused (1).

Increased oral sodium chloride intake in humans amplifies selectively postprandial GLP-1 but not GIP, CCK, and gastrin in plasma.

Human studies have demonstrated that physiologically relevant changes in circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elicit a rapid increase in renal sodium excretion when combined with expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. Other studies support the involvement of various gastrointestinal hormones, e.g.

Impact of habituated dietary protein intake on fasting and postprandial whole-body protein turnover and splanchnic amino acid metabolism in elderly men: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial.

Background: Efficacy of protein absorption and subsequent amino acid utilization may be reduced in the elderly. Higher protein intakes have been suggested to counteract this.

Objectives: We aimed to elucidate how habituated amounts of protein intake affect the fasted state of, and the stimulatory effect of a protein-rich meal on, protein absorption, whole-body protein turnover, and splanchnic amino acid metabolism.

The role of F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of frozen shoulder.

Purpose: Frozen shoulder is characterized by pain and reduced passive movement capability, and the diagnose is made clinically. However, pain is the major symptom in the first stage before stiffness occurs, and the condition can be mistaken for subacromial impingement. This study explored the possibility to use positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with a F Flour-Deoxy-Glucose (FDG) tracer in the diagnostic process.

Effects of 1 year of exercise training versus combined exercise training and weight loss on body composition, low-grade inflammation and lipids in overweight patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized trial.

Background: Dyslipidaemia and low-grade inflammation are central in atherogenesis and linked to overweight and physical inactivity. Lifestyle changes are important in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). We compared the effects of combined weight loss and interval training with interval training alone on physical fitness, body composition, dyslipidaemia and low-grade inflammation in overweight, sedentary participants with CAD.

The Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study: lean mass, strength, power, and physical function in a Danish cohort aged 20-93 years.

Background: Despite no international consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, low lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function are important risk factors for disability, frailty, and mortality in older individuals, as well as in a wide range of patients with muscle loss. Here, we provide a population-based reference material of total and regional lean body mass, muscle strength/power parameters, and physical function in a healthy cohort of Danish men and women across the lifespan.

Methods: Volunteers aged 20-93 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study were invited to establish a Danish reference material (Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study) on lean mass characteristics [appendicular lean mass (ALM), iDXA, GE Lunar], muscle function [handgrip strength (HGS), Jamar dynamometer and leg extension power (LEP), Nottingham Power Rig], and physical function [30 s sit-to-stand test (STS), 10-m maximal and habitual gait speed (GS)].

GIP-induced vasodilation in human adipose tissue involves capillary recruitment.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in combination with hyperinsulinemia increase blood flow and triglyceride clearance in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in lean humans. The present experiments were performed to determine whether the increase involves capillary recruitment. Eight lean healthy volunteers were studied before and after 1 h infusion of GIP or saline during a hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, raising plasma glucose and insulin to postprandial levels.

Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion Uncovers a Natriuretic Action of GLP-1: A Functional GLP-1-Renal Axis in Man.

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) does not affect renal hemodynamics or function under baseline conditions in healthy participants and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is possible that GLP-1 promotes natriuresis under conditions with addition of salt and water to the extracellular fluid. The current study was designed to investigate a possible GLP-1-renal axis, inducing natriuresis in healthy, volume-loaded participants.

Prediction of obstructive coronary artery disease and prognosis in patients with suspected stable angina.

Aims: We hypothesized that the modified Diamond-Forrester (D-F) prediction model overestimates probability of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to update the prediction model based on pre-test information and assess the model's performance in predicting prognosis in an unselected, contemporary population suspected of angina.

Methods And Results: We included 3903 consecutive patients free of CAD and heart failure and suspected of angina, who were referred to a single centre for assessment in 2012-15.

Low diagnostic yield of non-invasive testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: results from a large unselected hospital-based sample.

Aims: Stable angina is the most common presentation of heart disease and has a good prognosis. With declining coronary artery disease (CAD), rates a diagnostic approach balancing costs and benefits is a challenge, particularly in women. This study describes the real-life diagnostic workup in a large hospital to explore whether the diagnostic approach may be improved.

[Work-up of thyroid incidentalomas identified by F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT].

Several reports have described dramatic increase over recent decades in the incidence of thyroid cancer, even as thyroid cancer-related mortality rates have not changed substantially. Nevertheless, in several retrospective studies the incidence of malignancy in focal F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) thyroid uptake discovered on whole body F-FDG PET/CT, carried out for non-thyroid cancers, is 13-64%. Our aim was to design a practical algorithm for management of an increasing number of thyroid incidentalomas, identified by F-FDG PET/CT.

The Gluco- and Liporegulatory and Vasodilatory Effects of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Are Abolished by an Antagonist of the Human GIP Receptor.

A truncated form of human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GIP(3-30)NH, was recently identified as an antagonist of the human GIP receptor. This study examined the ability of GIP(3-30)NH to antagonize the physiological actions of GIP in glucose metabolism, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF), and lipid metabolism in humans. Eight lean subjects were studied by measuring arteriovenous concentrations of metabolites and ATBF on three different occasions during hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with concomitant infusions of GIP, GIP(3-30)NH, or both GIP and GIP(3-30)NH During infusion of GIP(3-30)NH alone and in combination with GIP, insulin levels and the total glucose amount infused to maintain the clamp were lower than during GIP alone.

18F-Sodium Fluoride PET/CT in Paget Disease.

Paget disease (PD) of bone is a benign but chronic disorder of bone metabolism. We report a case of an 85-year-old man with several fractures in the pelvis and radiograph raising suspicion of metastases. An F-NaF PET/CT demonstrated high F-NaF uptake in the same regions.

A sandwich ELISA for measurement of the primary glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. It is best known for its glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects. GLP-1 is secreted in its intact (active) form (7-36NH) but is rapidly degraded by the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, converting >90% to the primary metabolite (9-36NH) before reaching the targets via the circulation.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 elicits vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in healthy men.

In healthy subjects, we recently demonstrated that during acute administration of GLP-1, cardiac output increased significantly, whereas renal blood flow remained constant. We therefore hypothesize that GLP-1 induces vasodilation in other organs, for example, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and/or splanchnic tissues. Nine healthy men were examined twice in random order during a 2-hour infusion of either GLP-1 (1.

[18F-FDG PET/CT contributes to diagnostics and therapy monitoring of radiation-induced angiosarcoma].

Angiosarcomas are rare, aggressive malignant mesenchymal tumours with a poor prognosis. Radiation therapy is an independent risk factor for the development of secondary angiosarcoma. The onset of angiosarcoma may resemble benign lesions, leading to delayed diagnosis.

Unexpected Diffuse 18F-NaF Uptake in the Lung Parenchyma in a Patient With Severe Hypercalcemia Due to Myelomatosis.

An 84-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit because of hypercalcemic crisis leading to acute renal failure needing dialysis. The patient had no other history of illness. However, because prostate-specific antigen levels were increased, the patient was referred to F-NaF PET/CT on suspicion of active skeletal metastases.

Insulin Plays a Permissive Role for the Vasoactive Effect of GIP Regulating Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Humans.

Context And Objective: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in combination with hyperinsulinemia increases blood flow and triglyceride (TAG) clearance in subcutaneous (sc) abdominal adipose tissue in lean humans. The present experiments were performed to further investigate the role of insulin for the vasoactive effect of GIP in adipose tissue metabolism and whether the vasodilatory effect of GIP is dependent on C-peptide.

Methods: Six lean healthy subjects were studied.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 does not have acute effects on central or renal hemodynamics in patients with type 2 diabetes without nephropathy.

During acute administration of native glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), we previously demonstrated central hemodynamic effects in healthy males, whereas renal hemodynamics, despite renal uptake of GLP-1 in excess of glomerular filtration, was unaffected. In the present study, we studied hemodynamic effects of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes under fixed sodium intake. During a 3-h infusion of GLP-1 (1.

Higher vascular endothelial growth factor-C concentration in plasma is associated with increased forearm capillary filtration capacity in breast cancer-related lymphedema.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a frequent, chronic and debilitating swelling that mainly affects the ipsilateral arm and develops as a complication to breast cancer treatment. The pathophysiology is elusive opposing development of means for prediction and treatment. We have earlier shown that the forearm capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) is increased bilaterally in BCRL.

Effect of short-term hyperglycemia on adipose tissue fluxes of selected cytokines in vivo during multiple phases of diet-induced weight loss in obese women.

Context: Hyperglycemia is suggested to be one of the drivers of the proinflammatory state observed in obese and diabetic patients.

Objectives: The objectives of the study was to investigate whether sc abdominal adipose tissue (scAT) could be one of the important sources of proinflammatory cytokines released in response to short-term hyperglycemia and whether this secretion capacity could be influenced by weight loss.

Design, Patients, And Interventions: Output of cytokines and proteins of acute phase from scAT in response to a 3-hours hyperglycemic clamp was evaluated in nine obese women in vivo using Fick's principle.