Sitting less elicits metabolic responses similar to exercise and enhances insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

Aims/hypothesis: In our current society sedentary behaviour predominates in most people and is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It has been suggested that replacing sitting time by standing and walking could be beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes but the underlying mechanisms are unknown and direct comparisons with exercise are lacking. Our objective was to directly compare metabolic responses of either sitting less or exercising, relative to being sedentary.

Postexercise changes in myocellular lipid droplet characteristics of young lean individuals are affected by circulatory nonesterified fatty acids.

Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content is an energy source during acute exercise. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels can compete with IMCL utilization during exercise. IMCL content is stored as lipid droplets (LDs) that vary in size, number, subcellular distribution, and in coating with LD protein PLIN5.

A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Current dietary recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention focus more on dietary patterns than on single nutrients. However, randomized controlled trials using whole-diet approaches to study effects on both fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers are limited.

Objective: This randomized parallel trial compared the effects of a healthy diet (HD) with those of a typical Western diet (WD) on fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults.

One-leg inactivity induces a reduction in mitochondrial oxidative capacity, intramyocellular lipid accumulation and reduced insulin signalling upon lipid infusion: a human study with unilateral limb suspension.

Aims/hypothesis: Physical inactivity, low mitochondrial function, increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) deposition and reduced insulin sensitivity are common denominators of chronic metabolic disorders, like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yet, whether low mitochondrial function predisposes to insulin resistance in humans is still unknown.

Methods: Here we investigated, in an intervention study, whether muscle with low mitochondrial oxidative capacity, induced by one-legged physical inactivity, would feature stronger signs of lipid-induced insulin resistance.

Effects of a whole diet approach on metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose responses in overweight and obese adults - A randomized controlled trial.

Background & Aims: Metabolic flexibility is the ability to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability. Metabolic inflexibility has been associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, and can be improved by exercise or weight loss. Dietary changes can modulate metabolic flexibility; however, the effect of a whole diet approach on metabolic flexibility has never been studied.

Evidence for a direct effect of the NAD+ precursor acipimox on muscle mitochondrial function in humans.

Recent preclinical studies showed the potential of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) precursors to increase oxidative phosphorylation and improve metabolic health, but human data are lacking. We hypothesize that the nicotinic acid derivative acipimox, an NAD(+) precursor, would directly affect mitochondrial function independent of reductions in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. In a multicenter randomized crossover trial, 21 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 57.

Reduced incorporation of fatty acids into triacylglycerol in myotubes from obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Altered skeletal muscle lipid metabolism is a hallmark feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated muscle lipid turnover in T2D versus BMI-matched control subjects (controls) and examined whether putative in vivo differences would be preserved in the myotubes. Male obese T2D individuals (n = 6) and BMI-matched controls (n = 6) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, VO2max test, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, underwater weighing, and muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis.

Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans.

Resveratrol is a natural compound that affects energy metabolism and mitochondrial function and serves as a calorie restriction mimetic, at least in animal models of obesity. Here, we treated 11 healthy, obese men with placebo and 150 mg/day resveratrol (resVida) in a randomized double-blind crossover study for 30 days. Resveratrol significantly reduced sleeping and resting metabolic rate.