Sodium butyrate attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, and excessive mitophagy in sodium fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Aim: Long-term exposure to excess sodium fluoride (NaF) can cause chronic fluorosis. Liver, the most important detoxification organ, is the most vulnerable to the effects of fluoride. Sodium butyrate (NaB), a short-chain fatty acid produced in the intestinal tract, maintains normal mitochondrial function in vivo and reduces liver inflammation and oxidative stress.

A derivative of tanshinone IIA and salviadione, 15a, inhibits inflammation and alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by direct binding and inhibition of RIPK2.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies established the role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the development of IBDs, suggesting that anti-inflammatory therapies might offer a viable treatment strategy. Tanshinone IIA and salviadione, both derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities.