Reliability of pulse oximetry at four different attachment sites in immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).

Objectives: To determine the reliability of peripheral oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SpO), measured by a Nonin PalmSAT 2500A pulse oximeter with 2000T transflectance probes at four attachment sites (third eyelid, cheek, rectum and tail), by comparing these measurements to arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SaO), measured by an AVOXimeter 4000 co-oximeter reference method in immobilized white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).

Study Design: Randomized crossover study.

Animals: A convenience sample of eight wild-caught male white rhinoceros.

Compared to etorphine-azaperone, the ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine combination is also effective at immobilizing zebra (Equus zebra).

Objective: To compare immobilization efficacy of a nonpotent opioid drug combination, ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine (KBM) to the preferred etorphine-azaperone (EA) combination in zebras.

Study Design: Randomized crossover trial.

Animals: A group of ten adult zebra (six females and four male).

Ampakine CX1942 attenuates opioid-induced respiratory depression and corrects the hypoxaemic effects of etorphine in immobilized goats (Capra hircus).

Objectives: To determine whether CX1942 reverses respiratory depression in etorphine-immobilized goats, and to compare its effects with those of doxapram hydrochloride.

Study Design: A prospective, crossover experimental trial conducted at 1753 m.a.

Nalbuphine and butorphanol reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression but increase arousal in etorphine-immobilized goats (Capra hircus).

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of two opioid agonist-antagonists, nalbuphine and butorphanol, in reversing etorphine-induced respiratory depression in immobilized goats.

Study Design: Prospective, crossover, experimental trial conducted at 1753 m.a.