The relevance of structural variability in the time-domain for computational reflection anisotropy spectroscopy at solid-liquid interfaces.

In electrochemistry, reactions and charge-transfer are to a large extent determined by the atomistic structure of the solid-liquid interface. Yet due to the presence of the liquid electrolyte, many surface-science methods cannot be applied here. Hence, the exact microscopic structure that is present under operating conditions often remains unknown.

Delayed onset phlegmasia cerulea dolens post-SARS-CoV-2 infection treated with minimally invasive clot retrieval technology.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with a significant venous thromboembolic risk. Phlegmasia cerulean dolens is a severe form of deep vein thrombosis that can lead to acute limb ischemia. In this report, we present a 58-year-old woman who developed a delayed-onset left lower extremity phlegmasia cerulean dolens 8 weeks after coronavirus disease 2019 onset that led to compartment syndrome and acute limb ischemia from external compression of the arterial vasculature from edematous muscle.

Combined Arrhenius-Merz Law Describing Domain Relaxation in Type-II Multiferroics.

Electric fields were applied to multiferroic TbMnO_{3} single crystals to control the chiral domains, and the domain relaxation was studied over 8 decades in time by means of polarized neutron scattering. A surprisingly simple combination of an activation law and the Merz law describes the relaxation times in a wide range of electric field and temperature with just two parameters, an activation-field constant and a characteristic time representing the fastest possible inversion. Over the large part of field and temperature values corresponding to almost 6 orders of magnitude in time, multiferroic domain inversion is thus dominated by a single process, the domain wall motion.

Switching kinetics of the ferroelectric transition in K2SeO4 studied by stroboscopic γ-ray diffraction.

The kinetics of the ferroelectric lock-in transition in potassium selenate (K2SeO4) was studied on a millisecond timescale using high-resolution γ-ray diffraction. A large change of the line width and wavevector of the first order satellite is observed during the switching process. This is attributed to a loss of long-range order under the influence of the electric field.

Investigation of optical and structural properties of ceramic boron nitride by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Six types of hexagonal boron nitride are investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The loss coefficient is shown to be linear with porosity, while variations in refractive index indicate the distribution of porosity within the structure. Pyrolytic boron nitride is demonstrated to be suitable as a terahertz optical material.

Low frequency excitations in multiferroic MnWO4.

Dynamic anomalies have been found in the magnetically ordered phases of multiferroic MnWO(4) using polarized Raman scattering. Strong phonon damping is observed for several B(g) modes within the ferroelectric phase and has been attributed to spin-phonon interactions. Moreover, a new low frequency excitation was detected near 33 cm(-1) that grows in intensity on cooling into the antiferromagnetic phases.

Electron tunneling through ultrathin boron nitride crystalline barriers.

We investigate the electronic properties of ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) crystalline layers with different conducting materials (graphite, graphene, and gold) on either side of the barrier layer. The tunnel current depends exponentially on the number of h-BN atomic layers, down to a monolayer thickness. Conductive atomic force microscopy scans across h-BN terraces of different thickness reveal a high level of uniformity in the tunnel current.

Field-effect tunneling transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures.

An obstacle to the use of graphene as an alternative to silicon electronics has been the absence of an energy gap between its conduction and valence bands, which makes it difficult to achieve low power dissipation in the OFF state. We report a bipolar field-effect transistor that exploits the low density of states in graphene and its one-atomic-layer thickness. Our prototype devices are graphene heterostructures with atomically thin boron nitride or molybdenum disulfide acting as a vertical transport barrier.

Switching behaviour of modulated ferroelectrics: the kinetics of the field induced lock-in transition in K₂SeO₄.

The field induced switching process across the ferroelectric lock-in transition in K(2)SeO(4) has been studied on a millisecond timescale using stroboscopic neutron diffraction. The time evolution of both the first and the third order satellites was examined. The time constants are found to vary with temperature between 0.

Quantitative determination of domain distribution in SrTiO3-competing effects of applied electric field and mechanical stress.

Below its ordering temperature at 105 K, perovskite-type SrTiO(3) exhibits a tetragonal phase with three different structural domains that are strongly influenced by the application of uniaxial mechanical stresses and electric fields. A careful neutron diffraction study of superlattice reflections provides full quantitative information about the varying domain distributions under external loads as a function of temperature. It is shown that electric field and uniaxial stress exhibit competitive effects and the simultaneous application leads to a complex redistribution behaviour of the tetragonal domains.

What constitutes commercial bias compared with the personal opinion of experts?

Introduction: The presence of commercial messages in continuing medical education (CME) is an ongoing cause of concern. This study identifies actions perceived by CME participants to convey commercial bias from CME faculty.

Methods: A questionnaire listing actions associated with CME activities was distributed to 230 randomly selected participants from 7 CME activities designated for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit.

Problem-based learning of research skills.

Purpose: To determine whether a short-term, problem-based educational intervention leads to increased research activity among health care practitioners.

Subjects And Methods: Participant's success was evaluated as a composite of 2 outcomes. These were (1) reporting results for the project designed during the practicum and (2) conducting subsequent research activities.

Contents of a core library in continuing medical education: a Delphi study.

Introduction: In developing their professional competence, those who are interested in the practice of continuing medical education (CME) should recognize the knowledge base that defines their field. This study systematically identifies and organizes a list of books and journals comprising a core library (100 books/15 journals) for CME professionals.

Methods: The Delphi method was applied to elicit and combine the judgments of a fifty member panel considered knowledgeable about the CME field.

Using Baldrige criteria to meet or exceed Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education Standards.

Continuing medical education providers accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) may apply organizational assessment strategies beyond the ACCME Essential Areas, Elements, and Criteria. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Program offers an organizational assessment strategy commonly used in business, health care, and education settings. An analysis of both standards pointed out useful associations between the ACCME Essential Areas and the Baldrige National Quality Program Education Criteria (2003).

Accreditation: standards for quality continuing professional development.

Accreditation is one way of assuring that continuing education providers are credible and competent. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has recently modified its accreditation standards to meet the needs of the health care system and continuing medical education providers. The standards (Essential Areas and Elements) from the new accreditation system will be reviewed and discussed to illustrate one system of accreditation as a potential model for the continuing veterinary medical education professional.

Domains-based outcomes assessment of continuing medical education: the VA's model.

Demonstrating outcomes of continuing medical education (CME) efforts has become increasingly important to CME providers, accrediting organizations, and licensing bodies. Many CME providers have difficulty defining the nature of the outcomes, much less documenting the outcomes for which they are responsible. The vague nature of the terms "outcome," "impact," or "result" in the complexity of health care and medical education environments is a particular obstacle to many education providers.

Congress 2000: a continuing medical education summit with implications for the future.

The expectations of attendees, the evaluations of themes, and the implications for continuing medical education (CME) identified by "Congress 2000: A Continuing Medical Education Summit on the Practices, Opportunities and Priorities for the New Millennium" are reviewed. A vision was identified with significant opportunities for CME to become a more valuable partner in and contributor to quality health care. The vision suggests that CME should be linked more closely to physician learning at the point of care and that technology might be used more successfully to address physician-learner needs by helping them to manage volumes of evidence for treating patients more effectively.

Clinical variables influencing treatment decisions for agitated dementia patients: survey of physician judgments.

Objective: To better understand primary treatment recommendations and the variables that might influence treatment decisions of physicians who treat agitated dementia patients.

Design: A written cross-sectional survey of three physician groups (geriatric psychiatrists, primary care physicians, and neurologists) who typically treat agitated dementia patients in community settings. We used a written clinical vignette describing a home-bound, agitated dementia patient to ask respondents to provide information regarding their primary treatment recommendation and to estimate the degree to which clinically relevant variables might influence their treatment recommendation.

Four factors of clinical decision making: a teaching model.

For more than 25 years, Bowman Gray has been placing fourth-year students in community-based primary care settings. Upon their return to campus, the students participate in a seminar in which they discuss issues raised by their primary care experiences. In these seminars, the students have consistently identified four key factors of clinical decision making that reflect current trends in medicine: quality, cost, ethics, and legal concerns.

Experimental topical tetracycline-induced neuritis in the rat.

Purpose: Recent studies have reported that tetracycline may induce chronic inflammatory responses in the adjacent soft tissues. The purpose of the present study was to determine if dry, powdered tetracycline evoked an inflammatory response in nerve tissue.

Materials And Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and bilateral mental nerves were exposed.

Anticipated Regret Associated With Treatment Decisions for Agitated Dementia Patients.

Anticipation of regret for choosing the wrong option may directly affect physicians' choice of treatment. As part of a pilot survey of physician practices for agitated dementia patients, we asked geriatric psychiatrists, primary care physicians, and neurologists to estimate the degree of anticipated regret that they might experience in response to a series of brief case vignettes describing typical treatments and outcomes for agitated dementia patients. Eight written vignettes described physician action (ordering vs.

Cortical ultrasound velocity as an indicator of bone status.

Normative population data are reported here for velocity of ultrasound in tibial cortical bone in a population-based sample of both men and women (n = 371). The cortical measurement is highly precise with reproducibility of the order of 0.5%.