Alternatives to subcutaneous injection of amino-amide or amino-ester anesthetics before arterial puncture for blood gas analysis: a systematic review.

Objectives: Arterial puncture for blood gas analysis is a painful procedure in the emergency department (ED). Local subcutaneous injection of anesthetics containing amino amides or esters is the usual painrelief technique applied before arterial puncture, but it is little used in some care settings, such as the ED. We aimed to analyze the literature on anesthetic approaches other than the traditional one of local injection of amino-amide or amino-ester compounds for pain relief during arterial puncture and to assess the efficacy of the alternatives.

[Chronic pathologies among cleaning and administrative personnel].

Workers' health is of vital importance in order for workers to work at their utmost on their jobs. The prevalence of specific pathologies affects the normal functioning of workers, provoking incapacities and absences from work. The authors measure the prevalence of chronic type illnesses among cleaning and administrative personnel.