Fluoroquinolone resistance does not facilitate phage Φ13 integration or excision in .

Prophages of the ΦSa3int family are commonly found in human-associated strains of where they encode factors for evading the human innate immune system. In contrast, they are usually absent in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant (LA-MRSA) strains where the phage attachment site is mutated compared to the human strains. However, ΦSa3int phages have been found in a subset of LA-MRSA strains belonging to clonal complex 398 (CC398), including a lineage that is widespread in pig farms in Northern Jutland, Denmark.

Upgraded main ion charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the C-2W field reversed configuration (FRC) plasma.

A prototype main-ion CHarge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (mCHERS) diagnostic is providing measurements of the main-ion (hydrogen or deuterium) temperature and velocity in the C-2W field reversed configuration plasma using charge exchange Balmer-alpha emission at five different radial locations with 500 Hz frequency and a per-pixel velocity resolution of 15 km/s. Measurement along the entire plasma radius of C-2W is enabled by a diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) that passes through the center of plasma, unlike the larger diameter heating neutral beams that have impact parameters of 20 cm. DNB provides high time resolution via beam modulation and spatial resolution via its small cross section.

Staphylococcal Phages Adapt to New Hosts by Extensive Attachment Site Variability.

Bacterial pathogens commonly carry prophages that express virulence factors, and human strains of Staphylococcus aureus carry Sa3int phages, which promote immune evasion. Recently, however, these phages have been found in livestock-associated, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA).

Characterization of the genetic switch from phage ɸ13 important for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in humans.

Temperate phages are bacterial viruses that after infection either reside integrated into a bacterial genome as prophages forming lysogens or multiply in a lytic lifecycle. The decision between lifestyles is determined by a switch involving a phage-encoded repressor, CI, and a promoter region from which lytic and lysogenic genes are divergently transcribed. Here, we investigate the switch of phage ɸ13 from the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

Main ion charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on C-2W FRC plasmas.

A main ion charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (mChERS) diagnostic has been developed to measure the velocity and temperature of the main deuterium ions in the C-2W (also called Norman) field-reversed configuration (FRC) device. A modulated diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) of hydrogen with 40 keV full energy and a nominal current of 8.5 A provides the charge exchange signal.

Development of a three-wave far-infrared laser interferometry and polarimetry diagnostic system for the C-2W field-reversed configuration plasmas.

Great advancements in modern field-reversed configuration (FRC) experiments motivated the development of a 14-chord three-wave far infrared (FIR) laser interferometry and polarimetry diagnostic system, which can provide simultaneous high temporal resolution measurements of density and Faraday rotation profiles with high accuracy. The unique challenges facing FIR diagnostics in high beta FRC plasmas are the extremely small (<0.5°) Faraday rotation angles, and severe laser beam refraction effects due to high density gradient and choice of long wavelength.

Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolated from Danish chicken meat is located on a pVEF4-like plasmid persisting in poultry for 18 years.

The occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in food is relevant to public health as foodborne VREfm may colonize the gut of consumers and transfer vancomycin resistance genes to the indigenous gut microbiota. Therefore, we determined occurrence and elucidated genetic traits of VREfm in Danish retail chicken meat. Three out of 40 samples (7.

Transient, small-scale field-aligned currents in the plasma sheet boundary layer during storm time substorms.

We report on field-aligned current observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft near the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) during two major substorms on 23 June 2015. Small-scale field-aligned currents were found embedded in fluctuating PSBL flux tubes near the separatrix region. We resolve, for the first time, short-lived earthward (downward) intense field-aligned current sheets with thicknesses of a few tens of kilometers, which are well below the ion scale, on flux tubes moving equatorward/earthward during outward plasma sheet expansion.

A comparative study of dipolarization fronts at MMS and Cluster.

We present a statistical study of dipolarization fronts (DFs), using magnetic field data from MMS and Cluster, at radial distances below 12 and 20 , respectively. Assuming that the DFs have a semicircular cross section and are propelled by the magnetic tension force, we used multispacecraft observations to determine the DF velocities. About three quarters of the DFs propagate earthward and about one quarter tailward.