Three-Dimensional Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 as Sorbent Integrated with Active Capillary Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Assessment of Low-Level Wine and Grape Quality-Related Volatiles.

The most commonly used methods to chemically assess grape and wine quality with high sensitivity and selectivity require lengthy analysis time and can be resource intensive. Here, we developed a rapid and non-destructive method that would help in grading and decision support. In this work, we demonstrate that integrating a three-dimensional (3D) material for volatile sampling with mass spectrometry detection can be used to sample grapes for phytosanitary, quality or smoke-taint assessments at low levels of marker compounds.

Discrimination of Healthy and -Infected Grapes Using Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis with Direct Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

infections of grapes significantly reduce yield and quality and increase phenolic compound oxidation, resulting in color loss, off-flavors, and odors in wine. In this study, metabolites were extracted from grape homogenates comprising healthy or infected grapes from different vintages, cultivars, regions, and maturity stages. Samples were randomly analyzed by direct injection into an ion trap mass spectrometer, with data collected from 50 to 2000 / for 1 min.

Impact of light on protective fractions of Cu in white wine: Influence of oxygen and bottle colour.

Cu(II)-organic acid (fraction I) and Cu(I)-thiol (fraction II) complexes can suppress sulfhydryl off-aromas in wine. This study investigated the impact of light exposure on the protective fractions of Cu of bottled white wine. Fluorescent light-exposed Chardonnay with two initial concentrations of dissolved oxygen (0.

Validation of Raman spectroscopic models to verify the origin of Australian beef grown under different production systems.

Verification of beef production systems and authentication of origin is becoming increasingly important as consumers base purchase decisions on a greater number of perceived values including the healthiness and environmental impact of products. Previously Raman spectroscopy has been explored as a tool to classify carcases from grass and grain fed cattle. Thus, the aim of the current study was to validate Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) models created using independent samples from carcases sampled from northern and southern Australian production systems in 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Rapid In-Field Volatile Sampling for Detection of Infection in Wine Grapes.

Fungal infection of grape berries () by frequently coincides with harvest, impacting both the yield and quality of grape and wine products. A rapid and non-destructive method for identifying infection in grapes at an early stage prior to harvest is critical to manage loss. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystal was applied as an absorbent material for volatile extraction from infected and healthy grapes in a vineyard, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Detection and prediction of Botrytis cinerea infection levels in wine grapes using volatile analysis.

Infection of grape berries (Vitis vinifera) by the fungus Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) frequently occurs in vineyards, resulting in off-flavours and other odours in wine and potential yield losses. In this study, volatile profiles of four naturally infected grape cultivars, and laboratory-infected grapes were analysed to identify potential markers for B. cinerea infection.

Characterisation of internal oxygen concentration of strawberry ( × ) and blueberry ().

Gas exchange mechanisms play crucial roles in maintaining fruit post-harvest quality in perishable fruit such as strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).

Assessing chemometric models developed using Raman spectroscopy and fatty acid data for Northern and Southern Australian beef production systems.

A total of 960 beef carcases from northern and southern Australian production regions were assessed by examining the subcutaneous fat. Carcases from four different production systems within each region were assessed, by Raman spectroscopy and the fatty acid composition determined to develop models that best classified the various production systems. As a result, 12 Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis models were developed.

Secondary Metabolites Coordinately Protect Grapes from Excessive Light and Sunburn Damage during Development.

Sunburn is a physiological disorder that reduces grape quality and vineyard yield. It is the result of excessive sunlight and high temperatures. As climate change continues to increase air temperatures, reports of sunburn damage in vineyards worldwide are becoming more frequent.

Vascular Connections Into the Grape Berry: The Link of Structural Investment to Seededness.

Vascular bundles in the grape pedicel and berry contain the conduits, phloem and xylem, for transport of water, sugar, nutrients and signals into and through the grape berry and play a critical role in berry growth and composition. Here, we assess the vascular anatomy within the proximal region of the berry. Guided using a 3D berry model generated by micro-CT, differential staining of transverse sections of berries and receptacles was followed by fluorescent microscopy.

Elucidating the interaction of carbon, nitrogen, and temperature on the biosynthesis of Aureobasidium pullulans antifungal volatiles.

The combined biochemical impact of carbon, nitrogen and temperature on the biosynthesis of the antifungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs): ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol produced by Aureobasidium pullulans A1 and A3 was investigated using a Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM). Normalized peak areas derived from solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis, indicated that initial carbon content had a significant influence on the biosynthesis of ethanol and alcohols with greater than three carbon atoms. This result suggests a dominant activity of the A.

Volatile organic compounds produced by Aureobasidium pullulans induce electrolyte loss and oxidative stress in Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata.

Aureobasidium pullulans is a yeast-like fungus that produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal properties. VOCs have the potential to trigger the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and electrolyte loss in microorganisms. The relationship among A.

Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is an emerging technique for ionizing volatile molecules directly from complex mixtures for sensitive detection by mass spectrometry (MS). In conventional DBDI, a high frequency and high voltage waveform with pulse widths of ∼50 μs (and ∼50 μs between pulses) is applied across a dielectric barrier and a gas to generate "low temperature plasma." Although such a source has the advantages of being compact, economical, robust, and sensitive, background ions from the ambient environment can be formed in high abundances, which limits performance.

Changes in Red Wine Composition during Bottle Aging: Impacts of Grape Variety, Vineyard Location, Maturity, and Oxygen Availability during Aging.

This work investigated the influence of grape variety, vineyard location, and grape harvest maturity, combined with different oxygen availability treatments, on red wine composition during bottle aging. Chemometric analysis of wine compositional data (i.e.

Geographical Origin Has a Greater Impact on Grape Berry Fungal Community than Grape Variety and Maturation State.

We used barcoded sequencing to analyze the eukaryotic population in the grape berries at different ripening states in four Australian vineyards. Furthermore, we used an innovative compositional data analysis for assessing the diversity of microbiome communities. The novelty was the introduction of log-ratio balances between the detected genera.

Regional Discrimination of Australian Shiraz Wine Volatome by Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Shiraz wine volatomes from two Australian geographical indications (GIs), that is, Orange and Riverina, were compared using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Shiraz wines were made in triplicate from grapes harvested at two harvest dates from six vineyards in the two GIs. A total of 133 compounds showed a significant trend between wines from the cooler Orange GI and warmer Riverina.

Unravelling wine volatile evolution during Shiraz grape ripening by untargeted HS-SPME-GC × GC-TOFMS.

The influence of grape maturity on wine volatome was investigated using HS-SPME-GC × GC-TOFMS. Shiraz wines were made from grapes harvested from four different vineyards from two berry maturity levels. A total of 1276 putative compounds were detected in at least one of the wine samples and 175 showed significant trends related to grape maturity.

Analytical strategies for the measurement of different forms of Cu and Fe in wine: Comparison between approaches in relation to wine composition.

The speciation of Cu and Fe in wine was assessed by a number of methodologies and those with superior performance were utilised on 49 wines and compared to compositional data. The adopted analytical strategies were stripping potentiometry, HPLC and an extraction (solid-phase or liquid-liquid) followed by atomic absorption or optical emission spectroscopic measurement. Stripping potentiometry was specific for sulfide-bound Cu in wines, and showed that this was the predominant form of Cu.

A GC-MS untargeted metabolomics approach for the classification of chemical differences in grape juices based on fungal pathogen.

Fungal bunch rot of grapes leads to production of detrimental flavour compounds, some of which are well characterised but others remain unidentified. The current study uses an untargeted metabolomics approach to classify volatile profiles of grape juices based on the presence of different fungal pathogens. Individual grape berries were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger or A.

Late-Season Shiraz Berry Dehydration That Alters Composition and Sensory Traits of Wine.

Late-season berry dehydration (LSD) is a common occurrence in Shiraz grapes, particularly those grown in hot climates. LSD results in significant yield reductions; however, the effects on wine composition and sensory characteristics are not well-documented. Wines made of 100% nonshriveled clusters (control) were related to red fruit flavors by the sensory panel, whereas wines made of 80% shriveled clusters (S-VCT) were perceived as more alcoholic and associated with dark fruit and dead/stewed fruit characters.

Volatile and sensory profiling of Shiraz wine in response to alcohol management: comparison of harvest timing versus technological approaches.

The aim of this study was to compare the volatile and sensory profiles of Australian Shiraz red wines produced by several methods to achieve alcohol concentrations of 10.5 and 13.5% v/v.

A comparative study of partial dealcoholisation versus early harvest: Effects on wine volatile and sensory profiles.

Two Verdelho and Petit Verdot wines were produced from sequential harvests of grapes. The alcohol concentration of early harvest (EH) and late harvest (LH) wines were respectively 9% and 13.5% v/v for Verdelho, and 10.

Impact of fluorescent lighting on the browning potential of model wine solutions containing organic acids and iron.

Model wine solutions containing organic acids, individually or combined, and iron(III), were exposed to light from fluorescent lamps or stored in darkness for four hours. (-)-Epicatechin was then added, and the solutions incubated in darkness for 10days. Browning was monitored by UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry and UHPLC-DAD.

Harvesting and blending options for lower alcohol wines: a sensory and chemical investigation.

Background: Lower alcohol wines often have a poor reputation among consumers, in part due to their unsatisfactory flavours such as reduced overall aroma intensity or herbaceous characters. The aim of this study, performed on Verdelho and Petit Verdot, was to quantify the effectiveness of a monovarietal blend in which wines made from less ripe grapes were blended with an equivalent volume of a wine vinified from riper fruit to produce wines with a lower alcohol content and desirable ripe fruit flavours.

Results: Eleven and 13 attributes, for Verdelho and Petit Verdot, respectively, were selected during sensory descriptive analysis.

Measurements of the effects of wine maceration with oak chips using an electronic tongue.

The use of oak products as a cheaper alternative to expensive wood barrels was recently permitted in Europe, which led to a continuous increase in the use of oak chips and staves in winemaking. The feasibility of the potentiometric electronic tongue as a tool for monitoring the effects of wine maceration with oak chips was evaluated. Four types of commercially available oak chips subjected to different thermal treatments and washing procedures and their mixture were studied.