Independent Contingency and Token Economy at Recess to Reduce Aggression.

School-wide behavior problems can vary significantly from structured to unstructured settings. Often problem behaviors can spike during unstructured times such as lunch and recess and the use of Tier 1 positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) can be used to reduce student behavior problems in these settings. Using a token economy as an independent group contingency, this study aimed to reduce student aggression in an elementary school during lunch/recess periods of the day.

Stability of bullying and internalizing problems among adolescents with ASD, ID, or typical development.

Background: It is known that children with disabilities, especially adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are at increased risk for victimization. However, little is known about the impact of victimization over time.

Aims: Primary aims included identifying to what extent risk factors (i.