Childhood trauma exposure in substance use disorder patients with and without ADHD.

Background: Childhood trauma exposure (CTE) is frequently reported by those with substance use disorders (SUDs). SUDs also frequently co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Objective: To investigate the role of childhood trauma exposure (CTE) in the presence and the persistence of ADHD in treatment seeking SUD patients.

Predictors of a favourable socio-economic situation in middle age for Swedish conscripts with self-reported drug use.

Background: Risk and protective factors for adverse outcomes among drug users in the general population have been identified. This study considers whether some of these factors predict favourable socio-economic situations in middle age.

Methods: A 37-year follow-up of 49,411 Swedish male conscripts 1969/70, born 1949-1951.

Alcohol, mortality and cardiovascular events in a 35 year follow-up of a nationwide representative cohort of 50,000 Swedish conscripts up to age 55.

Aims: To assess the association between drinking patterns and mortality, and cardiovascular disease in a large cohort of young- and middle-aged men and to assess whether the net balance of harm and protective effect implies protective effect or not.

Methods: Information from health examinations, psychological assessments and alcohol use background in a nationally representative birth cohort of 49,411 male military conscripts aged 18-20 years in 1969/1970, were linked to mortality and hospitalization data through 2004. Cox regression analyses were conducted and attributable proportions (APs) calculated.

Self-reported drug use and mortality among a nationwide sample of Swedish conscripts - a 35-year follow-up.

Background: Drug users in clinical samples have elevated mortality compared with the general population, but little is known about mortality among users of drugs within the general population.

Aim: To determine whether self-reported use of illicit drugs and non-prescribed sedatives/hypnotics among young men in the general population is related to mortality.

Methods: A 35-year follow-up of 48024 Swedish men, born 1949-1951 and conscripted in 1969/1970, among whom drug use was reported by 8767 subjects.

Early predictors of injury mortality among Swedish conscripts: a 35-year cohort study.

Injuries represent an important cause of mortality among young adults. We studied the associations between adolescents' family, psychological, behavioural and drug-related risk factors in relation to unintentional injury death. A population-based cohort of 49,411 Swedish conscripts aged 18-20 years was followed for 35 years.

Were the changes to Sweden's maintenance treatment policy 2000-06 related to changes in opiate-related mortality and morbidity?

Aims: To analyse whether changes in maintenance treatment of opiate-dependent subjects in Sweden were related to changes in opiate-related mortality and inpatient care from 1998 to 2006.

Design: We collected data from surveys of methadone maintenance treatment units, of buprenorphine and methadone sales, and of mortality and inpatient care in Sweden.

Setting: Sweden.

Alcohol trajectories over three years in a Swedish residence hall student population.

Although it is known that college students have a high alcohol consumption, less is known about the long-term drinking trajectories amongst college students and, in particular, students living in residence halls, known to be high-risk drinkers. Over four consecutive years, the drinking habits of 556 Swedish residence hall students were analyzed. The main instruments for measuring outcome were AUDIT (Alcohol Use Identification Disorders Test), SIP (Short Index of Problems) and eBAC (estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration).

Mortality and cause of death among 1705 illicit drug users: a 37 year follow up.

Introduction And Aims: To examine the overall mortality and causes of deaths of a large cohort of users of illicit drugs in Stockholm over 37 years.

Design And Methods: People with substance abuse were identified through records collected by different institutions in Stockholm in 1967. Subjects were followed in registers recording mortality and cause of death and in-patient care stays until 2003.

An 18-year follow-up of patients admitted to methadone treatment for the first time.

An 18-year addiction career, 1985-2003, for 157 heroin dependent subjects (73% men; 49% human immunodeficiency virus seropositive) admitted for the first time to Stockholm's Methadone Maintenance Treatment program during 1989 to 1991 was analyzed with data from seven official registers and patient records. Regression analyses and incidence rates for various outcomes were calculated for subjects in first methadone maintenance treatment at the end of the observation period, discharged from first methadone maintenance treatment, in second methadone maintenance treatment, and discharged from second methadone maintenance treatment. Being human immunodeficiency virus positive (HR = 3.

College students' drinking patterns: trajectories of AUDIT scores during the first four years at university.

Aims: Changes in AUDIT score trajectories were examined in a student population during their first 4 years at a university, including high-risk consumers and a subsample of low-risk consumers.

Method: 359 students were selected for the present study, comprising all high-risk consumers (the 27% with highest scores, i.e.

Patterns of illicit drug use and retention in a methadone program: a longitudinal study.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze illicit drug use of participants in a methadone treatment program in relation to methadone dose, counseling, and retention.

Methods: This was a longitudinal study of a cohort of 204 heroin-dependent subjects admitted for the first time to a methadone program in Stockholm. The patients were admitted between 1995 and mid-2000 and were followed until December 2000 or discharge.

Problem drinking in relation to treatment outcome among opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment.

This study analyzed indicators of alcohol-related problems in opiate addicts before, during, and after leaving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), in relation to illicit drug use and retention in treatment. The study was based on 204 patients, admitted to MMT for the first time between 1 January 1995 and 31 July 2000, and followed until 31 December 2000. Three measures were used to indicate alcohol use and alcohol-related problems; records of hospital care with an alcohol-related diagnosis, any treatment with alcohol-sensitizing drugs (disulfiram or calcium carbimide) during MMT, and results of the 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio (5HTOL/5HIAA) in urine, a sensitive biomarker for recent drinking.

Methadone maintenance treatment: the balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings.

Aim: To determine the total mortality related to the Stockholm methadone programme during the period 1988-2000, both the mortality related to the treatment and fatal methadone intoxications in the Stockholm area during the same period.

Methods: The study comprised all individuals (n = 848) who had been in contact with the methadone programme in Stockholm during the study period, including those patients who had been discharged from treatment and those opiate users who had applied for but not received methadone treatment. All deaths that had been the subject of medico-legal examination at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Stockholm where methadone was found in blood or urine were also analysed during the same period.

Mortality among homicide offenders: a retrospective population-based long-term follow-up.

Background: Empirical data on homicide and homicide offenders are needed in the ongoing discussion on violence and crime prevention. One issue, insufficiently investigated, is the post-trial life course of homicide offenders.

Aim: To examine whether the mortality rate, as well as cause and manner of death, of homicide offenders is different from the general population.

Length of outpatient addiction treatment and risk of rehospitalization.

Several studies, mainly from the U.S. and usually with selected male samples, show that aftercare is positively related to lower risk of re-addiction or re-treatment.

A small fraction of patients with repetitive injuries account for a large portion of medical costs.

Background: The phenomenon of repetitive injuries has been judged to be of limited importance in the public health context. A study was therefore initiated in order to analyse all types of single and repetitive injuries using a longitudinal approach.

Methods: Hospital care, medical costs and risk factors were examined for single and repetitive severe injuries.

Relationships between the deinstitutionalization of healthcare for patients with mental disorder, substance abuse, and isolated death.

Isolated death (ID) (i.e., dying alone without anyone noticing for several days) has been suggested to be related to social isolation, mental disorder, and alcohol and/or drug abuse.

Abstention, alcohol use and risk of myocardial infarction in men and women taking account of social support and working conditions: the SHEEP case-control study.

Aims: Very few studies indicating that low-moderate alcohol consumption protects from myocardial infarction (MI) controlled for social support and working conditions, which could confound the findings. Therefore, a first aim was to study the risk of non-fatal and total MI in relation to volume of alcohol consumption and measures of social support and working conditions. A second aim was to analyse the impact of the volume of earlier alcohol use in abstainers.

The impact of methadone treatment on registered convictions and arrests in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men and women with one or more treatment periods.

This study investigates criminality among 331 opiate abusers admitted to Stockholm's methadone maintenance programme (SMMP) between 1988 and 1992, and a comparison group of 1483 untreated opiate abusers. Information on arrests, criminal convictions, and intravenous drug abuse was obtained from official records. For both genders the annual rate of convictions decreased from 2.

Hospitalization and mortality succeeding drunk driving and risky driving.

Aims: The association between drunk driving (DD) and/or risky driving (RD) offences and subsequent hospitalization and mortality was studied during a 25-year period.

Methods: Information about drinking habits and psychosocial factors for the 8122 conscripts from Stockholm County in 1969-1970 was linked to register data on hospitalization, mortality, DD and RD.

Results: Analyses comparing background characteristics of DD and RD groups showed that the prevalence of problem behaviour and drug use was highest in the RD group.

Association between use of sedatives or hypnotics, alcohol consumption, or other risk factors and a single injurious fall or multiple injurious falls: a longitudinal general population study.

In this study, we investigated the association between risk factors, including use of sedatives or hypnotics or alcohol consumption, and injurious falls leading to hospitalization or death among 4023 subjects (1828 men and 2195 women) aged 20-89 years in Stockholm County, Sweden. Questionnaire data obtained from the 1984-1985 Stockholm Health of the Population Study (SHPS) were linked to official data registers on hospitalization and mortality. Of the 4023 subjects, 330 (121 men and 209 women) had been treated for or died of injurious falls during the 12-year follow-up period.

Can individual competence factors prevent adult substance and alcohol abuse in low- and high-income areas?

This study investigates the role of individual competence factors as modifiers of the risk for adult substance and alcohol abuse in relation to living in high- or low-income areas. The study group consisted of 7,577 18-year-old Swedish conscripts followed for substance and alcohol abuse until the age of 45 ears. Records of alcohol and substance abuse were obtained from official registers.