Population ageing and sustainability of healthcare financing in China.

Background: In China, the healthcare financing structure involves multiple parties, including the government, society and individuals. Medicare Fund is an important way for the Government and society to reduce the burden of individual medical costs. However, with the aging of the population, the demand of Medicare Fund is increasing.

Healthcare system development in the Middle East and North Africa region: Challenges, endeavors and prospective opportunities.

Background: Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been investing in the development of their health systems through implementing reforms to improve health care delivery for their nations. However, these countries are still facing challenges in providing equitable, high quality healthcare services. There is limited published literature supporting the previous and ongoing attempts that have been made to improve health system performance in MENA countries.

Comparison of the healthcare system of Chile and Brazil: strengths, inefficiencies, and expenditures.

Background: Governments in Latin America are constantly facing the problem of managing scarce resources to satisfy alternative needs, such as housing, education, food, and healthcare security. Those needs, combined with increasing crime levels, require financial resources to be solved.

Objective: The objective of this review was to characterizar the health system and health expenditure of a large country (Brazil) and a small country (Chile) and identify some of the challenges these two countries face in improving the health services of their population.

Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID-19.

Background: The prevalence of COVID-19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected.

Objective: To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID-19.

Design: This is a quantitative study based on an online cross-sectional self-administered survey in Chile between 10 July 2020 and 10 August 2020.

Hesitation and Refusal Factors in Individuals' Decision-Making Processes Regarding a Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination.

Considering the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a vaccine is being developed to control the disease as a complementary solution to hygiene measures-and better, in social terms, than social distancing. Given that a vaccine will eventually be produced, information will be needed to support a potential campaign to promote vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine the variables affecting the likelihood of refusal and indecision toward a vaccine against COVID-19 and to determine the acceptance of the vaccine for different scenarios of effectiveness and side effects.

Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably affected the lives of people worldwide, impacting their health and economic welfare, and changing the behavior of our society significantly. This situation may lead to a strong incentive for people to buy a vaccine. Therefore, a relevant study to assess individuals' choices and the value of change in welfare from a COVID-19 vaccine is essential.

Contingent assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people's health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be available soon. However, there has been no assessment of whether an individual and society value ​​a vaccine monetarily, and what factors determine this value.

[Parents willingness to pay for a human papillomavirus vaccine to protect their adolescent daughters: Maule Region, Chile].

Objective: To determine the willingness to pay of parents of teenage daughters for a vaccine against human papillomavirus in the Maule Region, Chile.

Materials And Methods: A sample of 386 parents with daughters between 12 and 18 years old, representing the five largest cities of the Region of Maule, socioeconomically stratified. WTP was obtained using the contingent valuation method in double bounded format.

[Willingness to pay for human papillomavirus vaccine in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile].

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a risk factor for cervical cancer and can be prevented with the HPV vaccine.

Aim: To explore the willingness of parents to pay for HPV vaccine for their offspring.

Material And Methods: A survey about the willingness to pay for HPV vaccine was answered by 386 individuals of the highest socioeconomic level who had a daughter aged between 12 and 18 years.

[Hypothetical health and economic benefits associated with a reduction in air pollution in a Chilean city (Talca)].

Background: Environmental air pollution is associated with a higher incidence of respiratory diseases, absenteeism and costs.

Aim: To model the health related economic benefits associated to a reduction in air pollution and the resulting lower prevalence of respiratory diseases, in a Chilean city.

Material And Methods: A time series model for year 2006 was elaborated.