A bacteriophage cocktail can efficiently reduce five important serotypes both on chicken skin and stainless steel.

is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens and is mostly transmitted through food of animal origin. Application of bacteriophages is a promising tool to biocontrol on both food and food contact surfaces. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a six-phage cocktail for the reduction of Enteritidis and a mixture of five major serotypes (.

A Bacteriophage Cocktail Reduces Five Relevant Serotypes at Low Multiplicities of Infection and Low Temperatures.

are important pathogenic bacteria and, following , they are the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne infections worldwide. To reduce the presence of bacteria along the food chain, the application of bacteriophages (phages) may be a promising tool. In this study, the lytic properties of six phages against five relevant serotypes ( Enteritidis, .

An overview of the use of bacteriophages in the poultry industry: Successes, challenges, and possibilities for overcoming breakdowns.

The primary contaminants in poultry are , ji, and . Their pathogenicity together with the widespread of these bacteria, contributes to many economic losses and poses a threat to public health. With the increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens being resistant to most conventional antibiotics, scientists have rekindled interest in using bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents.

In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Cocktail Controlling Infections with .

Worldwide, poultry industry suffers from infections caused by avian pathogenic . Therapeutic failure due to resistant bacteria is of increasing concern and poses a threat to human and animal health. This causes a high demand to find alternatives to fight bacterial infections in animal farming.

Bacteriophage biocontrol to fight Listeria outbreaks in seafood.

Listeria monocytogenes is a well-known pathogen responsible for the severe foodborne disease listeriosis. The control of L. monocytogenes occurrence in seafood products and seafood processing environments is an important challenge for the seafood industry and the public health sector.

[Field trial for eradication of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pig breeding farm by bacteriophages].

In recent years, Livestock Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) are found frequently in pigs. The colonization of the care staff with LA-MRSA is strongly associated with the intensity and duration of animal contact and LA-MRSA herd prevalence. In human medicine, staphylococcal infections have been controlled successfully by topical or systemic administration of Staphylococcus - associated bacteriophages.

Impact of Bacteriophage-Supplemented Drinking Water on the Population in the Chicken Gut.

Among intestinal coliform microbes in the broiler gut, there are potentially pathogenic () that can cause avian colibacillosis. The treatment with antibiotics favors the selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria and an alternative to this treatment is urgently required. A chicken model of intestinal colonization with an apathogenic model strain of .

Efficacy of Bacteriophages Against Isolates from Bovine Mastitis.

The lytic efficacy of bacteriophages against isolates from bovine milk was investigated in vitro, regarding possible applications in the therapy of udder inflammation caused by bacterial infections (mastitis). The host range of sequenced, lytic bacteriophages was determined against a collection of 92 () isolates. The isolates originated from quarter foremilk samples of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases.

Genome Sequence of E28, a Multidrug-Resistant Strain Isolated from a Chicken Carcass, and Its Spontaneously Inducible Prophage.

In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of the multidrug-resistant strain E28, which was used as an indicator strain for phage therapy We used a combination of single-molecule real-time and Illumina sequencing technology to reveal the presence of a spontaneously inducible prophage.

Genome of bacteriophage P1.

P1 is a bacteriophage of Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. It lysogenizes its hosts as a circular, low-copy-number plasmid. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two strains of a P1 thermoinducible mutant, P1 c1-100.

Escherichia coli SspA is a transcription activator for bacteriophage P1 late genes.

The stringent starvation protein A (SspA), an Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP)-associated protein, has been reported to be essential for lytic growth of bacteriophage P1. Unlike P1 early promoters, P1 late promoters are not recognized by RNAP alone. A phage-encoded early protein, Lpa (late promoter activator protein, formerly called gp10), has been shown to be required for P1 late transcription in vivo.

Phylogenetic and functional analysis of the bacteriophage P1 single-stranded DNA-binding protein.

Bacteriophage P1 encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB-P1), which shows 66% amino acid sequence identity to the SSB protein of the host bacterium Escherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the P1 ssb gene coexists with its E. coli counterpart as an independent unit and does not represent a recent acquisition of the phage.

Dual regulatory control of a particle maturation function of bacteriophage P1.

A unique arrangement of promoter elements was found upstream of the bacteriophage P1 particle maturation gene (mat). A P1-specific late-promoter sequence with conserved elements located at positions -22 and -10 was expected from the function of the gene in phage morphogenesis. In addition to a late-promoter sequence, a -35 element and an operator sequence for the major repressor protein, C1, were found.

Identification and characterization of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein of bacteriophage P1.

The genome of bacteriophage P1 harbors a gene coding for a 162-amino-acid protein which shows 66% amino acid sequence identity to the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). The expression of the P1 gene is tightly regulated by P1 immunity proteins. It is completely repressed during lysogenic growth and only weakly expressed during lytic growth, as assayed by an ssb-P1/lacZ fusion construct.

Accessory genes in the darA operon of bacteriophage P1 affect antirestriction function, generalized transduction, head morphogenesis, and host cell lysis.

Bacteriophage P1 mutants with the 8.86-kb region between the invertible C-segment and the residential IS1 element deleted from their genome are still able to grow vegetatively and to lysogenize stably, but they show several phenotypic changes. These include the formation of minute plaques due to delayed cell lysis, the abundant production of small-headed particles, a lack of specific internal head proteins, sensitivity to type I host restriction systems, and altered properties to mediate generalized transduction.

The type IC hsd loci of the enterobacteria are flanked by DNA with high homology to the phage P1 genome: implications for the evolution and spread of DNA restriction systems.

EcoR124l, EcoDXXl and Ecoprrl are the known members of the type IC family of DNA restriction and modification systems. The first three are carried on large, conjugative plasmids, while Ecoprrl is chromosomally encoded. The enzymes are coded by three genes, hsdR, hsdM and hsdS.

Autoregulation of the plasmid addiction operon of bacteriophage P1.

The P1 plasmid addiction operon increases the apparent stability of a plasmid that carries it by killing plasmid-free (cured) segregants. The operon consists of a gene encoding an endotoxin responsible for death on curing (doc), preceded by a gene encoding a relatively unstable antidote that can prevent host death (phd). When the copy number of the operon was increased, expression of a lacZ reporter fused to the promoter of the operon decreased, indicating that expression of the operon was stabilized by an autoregulatory circuit.

Addiction protein Phd of plasmid prophage P1 is a substrate of the ClpXP serine protease of Escherichia coli.

Plasmid-encoded addiction genes augment the apparent stability of various low copy number bacterial plasmids by selectively killing plasmid-free (cured) segregants or their progeny. The addiction module of plasmid prophage P1 consists of a pair of genes called phd and doc. Phd serves to prevent host death when the prophage is retained and, should retention mechanisms fail, Doc causes death on curing.

Plasmid addiction genes of bacteriophage P1: doc, which causes cell death on curing of prophage, and phd, which prevents host death when prophage is retained.

P1 lysogens of Escherichia coli carry the prophage as a stable low copy number plasmid. The frequency with which viable cells cured of prophage are produced is about 10(-5) per cell per generation. Here we show that a significant part of this remarkable stability can be attributed to a plasmid-encoded mechanism that causes death of cells that have lost P1.

Mutational analysis of the bacteriophage P1 late promoter sequence Ps.

The bacteriophage P1 late promoter sequence Ps controls the expression of the genes in the tail-fibre operon. Transcription from Ps only occurs during the second half of the P1 vegetative growth cycle and is positively regulated by the product of the phage gene 10. In this study degenerate oligonucleotides were used as primers in site-directed mutagenesis reactions in order to construct a large set of point mutations within the late promoter sequence Ps.

Bacteriophage P1 gene 10 is expressed from a promoter-operator sequence controlled by C1 and Bof proteins.

Gene 10 of bacteriophage P1 encodes a regulatory function required for the activation of P1 late promoter sequences. In this report cis and trans regulatory functions involved in the transcriptional control of gene 10 are identified. Plasmid-borne fusions of gene 10 to the indicator gene lacZ were constructed to monitor expression from the gene 10 promoter.

Bacteriophage P1 gene 10 encodes a trans-activating factor required for late gene expression.

Amber mutants of bacteriophage P1 were used to identify functions involved in late regulation of the P1 lytic growth cycle. A single function has been genetically identified to be involved in activation of the phage-specific late promoter sequence Ps. In vivo, P1 gene 10 amber mutants fail to trans activate a lacZ operon fusion under the transcriptional control of promoter Ps.

Bacteriophage P1 tail-fibre and dar operons are expressed from homologous phage-specific late promoter sequences.

Two plasmid systems, containing the easily assayable galK and lacZ functions, were employed to study the regulation of the bacteriophage P1 tail-fibre and dar operons. Various P1 DNA fragments carrying either the 5' end of lydA (the 1st gene in the dar operon) or the tail-fibre gene 19 precede the promoterless coding region of galK or were fused, in-frame, to the lacZ gene. In the presence of an induced P1 prophage, GalK and LacZ activities were both detected after a 20 to 30 minute lag period, indicating that the dar and tail-fibre operons are expressed from positively regulated, late promoters.