Hypothermia in neonates born by caesarean section at a tertiary hospital in South Africa.

Introduction: neonatal hypothermia has previously been noted in a large proportion of neonates born through Caesarean section at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH), yet no study in South Africa specifically explores the extent and severity of the threat of hypothermia to this population of neonates.

Objectives: to describe the proportion and severity of neonatal hypothermia in infants born Caesarean section at CHBAH as well as to document and describe possible contributing factors to neonatal hypothermia in this population.

Methods: A neonatal unit's database records were reviewed for demographic information of patients and their mothers, clinical characteristics, body temperature and outcomes.

Balloon Eustachian Tuboplasty (BET) in Children: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis.

Objective: Generation of pilot data for planning of prospective BET-studies for treatment of dilatory Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction in children.

Study Design: Retrospective multicenter analysis.

Setting: Nine ENT departments at tertiary care teaching hospitals.

Cervicofacial and mediastinal emphysema after balloon eustachian tuboplasty (BET): a retrospective multicenter analysis.

Purpose: Balloon Eustachian tuboplasty (BET) is a new treatment modality addressing chronic obstructive dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (ET). So far, BET has been deemed a safe procedure under general anesthesia with only minor adverse effects. However, individual cases of postoperative emphysema have been reported.

AQP1, AQP5, Bcl-2 and p16 in pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: This study aimed to link expression patterns of AQP1, AQP5, Bcl-2 and p16 to clinicopathological characteristics of oro-hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of AQP1, AQP5, Bcl-2 and p16 was investigated in 107 consecutive oro-hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases. Molecular interrelationship and correlations with clinicopathological parameters and survival were computed.

Value of DSA in the diagnostic workup of pulsatile tinnitus.

Objectives: Pulsatile tinnitus (PT) is a rare complaint, but can be a symptom of life-threatening disease. It is often caused by vascular pathologies, e.g.

[Penetrating injuries of the head and neck region - a potentially life threatening situation].

Unlabelled: Penetrating Injuries of the Head and Neck Region - A Potentially Life Threatening Situation Background: Cuts, stabs and gunshot wounds in the head and neck region are potentially life-threatening because of the high risk of vascular lesions. A consistent emergency management is usually based on an operative exploration of the wound with effective reconstruction of viable structures.

Patients And Methods: Various penetrating injuries of the head and neck region are described in 11 cases with respect of age, gender, course of events of injury, type of injury, involved structures, diagnostic and operative procedures and outcome and compared with current literature and guidelines.

[Treatment of recurrent epistaxis by artery ligation: up to date or old fashioned?].

Unlabelled: Treatment of Recurrent Epistaxis by Artery Ligation: Up to Date or Old Fashioned?

Background: Despite the ongoing development in the field of endoscopic treatment techniques, recurrent epistaxis remains a challenge for otolaryngologists. The aim of the present study was to compare our own results of various interventions for the treatment of recurrent epistaxis.

Materials And Methods: From 2007 to 2013 we performed surgical treatment of recurrent epistaxis under general anaesthesia in 148 cases.

The role of tumour FoxP3 as prognostic marker in different subtypes of head and neck cancer.

Expression of the forkhead transcription factor (FoxP3)--an established marker of regulatory T cells--has been found in other cell types as well, including tumour cells. Recent studies indicated that high tumour FoxP3 expression might be associated with a poor outcome of patients with several types of solid cancers. Here, we investigated the role of FoxP3 expressed by the tumour cells in the prognosis of larynx and oro-hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC and OHSCC)--two major subtypes of head and neck cancer.

[Bipedicled flap technique according to Schultz-Coulon using open approach for septal defect repair].

Background: The successful closure of a nasal septal perforation is a surgical challenge, which applies especially to large defects with a diameter exceeding 2.0 × 2.0 cm.

[Surgical management of persisting fistulas after salvage-laryngectomy].

Background: The salvage-laryngectomy (SLE) has compared to the laryngectomy a high risk for complications. The salivary fistula is the most frequent complication with an incidence range from 3% to 65% according to the literature.

Material And Methods: From 2004-2011 we included in this study 16 patients with a recurrent or secondary T4a-squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the larynx or pyriform sinus undergoing a SLE.

[Additional qualification in health economics--a pre-condition for ENT leadership positions?].

Background: The increasing medical-technical progress as well as the dramatic demographic changes cause problems with regard to rapid enlargement of medical service offers, allocation of resources and a financing shortfall in the German public health system. The economization in the German Health System can also be perceived in ENT departments.

Material And Methods: After performing an internet search about the rapidly growing market for qualifications measures in health economics, we hence conducted an anonymous survey for ENT senior doctors and directors of the 34 German University Departments to evaluate their attitude towards, as well as their expectation of such an add-on qualification.

Vascularised local and free flaps in anterior skull base reconstruction.

Lesions of the anterior skull base often require sufficient closure in order to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, ascending infection and/or brain tissue prolapse. The transfer of devitalized autologous, allogenic or xenogeneic material is not always sufficient particularly not in larger defects or in the recurrent situation. Here the transfer of vascularised tissue seems to be more appropriate.

Virtual 3-D ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT panendoscopy for assessment of the upper airways of head and neck cancer patients: a feasibility study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a virtual 3-D (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT panendoscopy is feasible and can be used for noninvasive imaging of the upper airways and pharyngeal/laryngeal tumours.

Methods: From (18)F-FDG PET/CT data sets of 40 patients (29 men, 11 women; age 61 ± 9 years) with pharyngeal or laryngeal malignancies virtual 3-D (18)F-FDG PET/CT panendoscopies were reconstructed and the image processing time was measured. The feasibility of assessing the oral cavity, nasopharynx, tongue base, soft palate, pharyngeal tonsils, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, piriform sinus, postcricoid space, glottis, subglottis, trachea, bronchi and oesophagus and of detecting primary tumours was tested.

EGFR-specific T cell frequencies correlate with EGFR expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), expression levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) correlate with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates. As the mechanisms responsible for cellular immune response to EGFR in vivo remain unclear, the frequency and function of EGFR-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was determined in HNSCC patients.

Methods: The frequency of CTL specific for the HLA-A2.

Cyclin B1 expression and p53 status in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Background: The cyclin B1/CDC2 complex governs entry into mitosis by regulating the G(2)/M checkpoint, and it can be repressed by the tumor suppressor p53. We aimed to determine cyclin B1 expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) and correlate it with p53 status and clinicopathological parameters.

Patients And Methods: Cyclin B1 and p53 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and p53 mutation analyses were performed.

Toll-like receptor 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Background: Chronic inflammation plays an important role in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). This study addresses the impact of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 gene on the clinical outcome while accounting for the influence of adjuvant systemic therapy in a large cohort of HNSCC patients.

Methods: Genotype analysis was done using DNA from tissue samples from 188 patients with HNSCC; TLR4 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays.

[Innovations in biomarker development: a pathway towards individualized cancer therapy?].

Despite multiple medical and scientific achievements, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Next to imaging technologies, molecular methods for early detection and for monitoring of the course of disease are of increasing interest. Thus, over the past years numerous studies have focused on the identification of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy.

[How to create a self-cleaning open mastoid cavity].

Our experience from multiple open mastoid cavity revisions is that some of the well-proven techniques to create a self-cleaning small open cavity are not anymore practiced everywhere.The crucial steps are to considerably drill down the facial ridge, as well as the lateral bone (to the level of the sigmoid sinus) and - in cases of a well pneumatized mastoid - to ground down the mastoid tip. The bony rims should be smoothened with a diamond burr.

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes in human head and neck cancer: enhanced inflammatory activity, modulation by cancer cells and expansion in advanced disease.

The progression of epithelial cancer is associated with an intense immunological interaction between the tumor cells and immune cells of the host. However, little is known about the interaction between tumor cells and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In our study, we investigated systemic PMN-related alterations in HNSCC, the role of tumor-infiltrating PMNs and their modulation by the tumor microenvironment.

[Orbital and intracranial complications of acute sinusitis. Diagnostics and therapy in children and adolescents].

Orbital and intracranial complications of acute sinusitis occur more frequently in the pediatric population compared to adults due to anatomic differences. Since the introduction of antibiotics the frequency of such complications has been dramatically reduced. Nevertheless, even in the era of modern antibiotics these complications continue to occur and it is therefore of utmost importance not only to know about these complications but also to include them in the differential diagnosis.