Public education for community care. A new approach.

Background: The findings from a controlled study of the effect of a public education campaign on community attitudes to mentally ill people are presented.

Method: A census of neighbours' attitudes toward mental illness was conducted in two areas before the opening of supported houses for the mentally ill. In one area an educational campaign was conducted.

Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and safety of montelukast sodium (MK-0476) in healthy males and females.

Purpose: The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous *i.v.) montelukast sodium (Singulair, MK-0476), and the oral bioavailability of montelukast sodium in healthy males and healthy females were studied.

Community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to mentally ill people.

Background: We test the hypothesis that negative attitudes to mentally ill people may be fuelled by a lack of knowledge.

Method: A census of knowledge of mental illness was conducted in two areas prior to the opening of long-stay supported houses for the mentally ill in each area. Three attitudinal factors (Fear and Exclusion, Social Control and Goodwill) which had been extracted by factor analysis of the Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) inventory (see previous paper) were analysed in respect of their associations with knowledge of mental illness.

Community attitudes to mental illness.

Background: The baseline findings from a controlled study of the effect of a public education campaign on community attitudes to mental illness are presented.

Method: A census of attitudes to mental illness was conducted in two areas, prior to the opening of supported houses for the mentally ill. Factor analysis of the Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) inventory revealed three components: Fear and Exclusion, Social Control and Goodwill.

Quality of life of long-stay patients discharged from two psychiatric institutions.

Objective: The study compared the quality of life of long-stay psychiatric patients after they had been discharged to community residences for one year with that of long-stay patients who remained hospitalized.

Methods: Long-stay patients (that is, those with stays of at least one year) who were discharged from two psychiatric hospitals in London were closely matched with patients likely to stay in the hospital for another year. Baseline (in-hospital) and one-year follow-up assessments were conducted using six instruments to measure factors related to quality of life such as problems in social functioning and size of the social network.

Pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. A primary manifestation of polymyositis.

Polymyositis is often complicated by either usual interstitial pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar damage, cellular interstitial pneumonitis, or bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Pulmonary capillaritis, a distinct interstitial reaction associated with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, occurs with the systemic vasculitides and some collagen vascular diseases. It has not been described in patients with polymyositis.

Effect of vitamin E deficiency and supercritical fluid aerosolized vitamin E supplementation on interleukin-1-induced oxidative lung injury in rats.

We hypothesized that alterations in lung vitamin E levels would impact the development of acute oxidative lung injury. We found that dietary induced deficiency of vitamin E diminished lung tissue levels of vitamin E and increased lung leak following intratracheal administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to rats. Conversely, rats administered vitamin E directly to the lungs as an inhaled aerosol (0.

Catalase and hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity in cultured cardiac myocytes.

We examined the role of intracellular catalase activity in modulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity in cultured chick embryo cardiac myocytes. Injury was quantitated by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Application of 1.

Interleukin-1 beta-induced neutrophil recruitment and acute lung injury in hamsters.

Administering recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) intratracheally caused lung neutrophil accumulation and lung injury in hamsters. The percentage of leukocytes that were neutrophils increased progressively in lavages from lungs of hamsters given 25, 50, or 100 ng IL-1 beta intratracheally 2 h before. Lung injury, reflected by increased lung lavage protein concentrations and lung lavage hemoglobin concentrations, increased 2 h after administering 100 ng IL-1 beta.

Interleukin-1 pretreatment prevents interleukin-1-induced lung leak in rats.

We found that rats pretreated with interleukin-1 (IL-1) intraperitoneally did not develop the acute oxidative, neutrophil-dependent lung leak that occurs after administration of IL-1 intratracheally (IL-1-induced tolerance). IL-1-pretreated rats also had increased lung catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity and increased plasma catalase activity compared with sham-pretreated rats. In contrast to reducing lung leak, IL-1 pretreatment did not reduce the numbers of neutrophils that are increased in lung lavages of rats given IL-1 intratracheally.

Neutrophil-generated free radicals: possible mechanisms of injury in adult respiratory distress syndrome.

The acute lung injury resulting from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is thought to be largely mediated by activated neutrophils. Because activated neutrophils produce the superoxide radical, which is both bacterial and cytotoxic to host cells, this oxygen-derived free radical is likely responsible for at least part of the neutrophil-mediated lung injury. In a rat model of ARDS resulting from intratracheal instillation of interleukin-1, recombinant human manganous superoxide dismutase significantly decreased lung leak.

The TAPS Project. 22: A five-year follow-up of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to the community.

A group of 114 long-stay patients in Friern and Claybury Hospitals was assessed while in hospital, and then again one year and five years after discharge to community placements. Neurotic symptoms, verbal and non-verbal behaviour and, most notably, negative symptoms all improved between the two community follow-up interviews. Patients were living under much less restrictive conditions in the community, and their appreciation of this freedom continued to grow over the years.

Post-insult treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases oxidative lung injury in rats given intratracheal interleukin-1.

Systemic administration of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) caused a rapid and sustained elevation of plasma IL-1Ra levels and decreased the leak of intravascularly injected 125I-labeled albumin into lungs of rats given human recombinant interleukin-1 intratracheally. IL-1Ra treatment decreased leak when given 0.5 h before, 1.

The effects of family work training on mental health nurses' attitude to and knowledge of schizophrenia: a replication.

The association between expressed emotion and the outcome of schizophrenia is well established, and the efficacy of family work for schizophrenia has been demonstrated. Mental health nurses are an expanding group in mental health service provision but their training does not include family work. Although there is some evidence that training mental health nurses in schizophrenia family work increases their knowledge of, and changes their attitudes towards schizophrenia, very little research has been conducted in this area.

Working with the families of schizophrenic patients.

As schizophrenia is a heterogeneous condition with a variety of possible causes, it is sensible to combine biological and social treatment. Neuroleptic drugs give partial protection against environmental stress, but need to be supplemented. The programme developed on the basis of research on relatives' expressed emotion begins with education about schizophrenia for patients and relatives.

Interleukin-1-induced lung neutrophil accumulation and oxygen metabolite-mediated lung leak in rats.

We found that intratracheal administration of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1) into rats rapidly (< 5 h) increased neutrophils in lung lavages and caused an acute edematous lung injury which was reflected by lung albumin accumulation (lung leak) and histological abnormalities (perivascular cuffing). These IL-1-dependent processes were inhibited by prior administration of recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist and did not occur following administration of heated IL-1. Several lines of evidence suggested that neutrophil-derived oxygen metabolites contributed to lung leak.

Liposome-entrapped PGE1 posttreatment decreases IL-1 alpha-induced neutrophil accumulation and lung leak in rats.

We found that treatment with liposome-entrapped prostaglandin E1 (Lip-PGE1), but not with empty liposomes and/or free PGE1, decreased the leak of intravascularly administered 125I-labeled albumin into lungs of rats given interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) intratracheally. Lip-PGE1 treatment also decreased lung myeloperoxidase activity, lung lavage neutrophil increases, and lung histological abnormalities found in rats given IL-1 alpha intratracheally. Interestingly, decreased lung leak and lung neutrophil accumulation occurred when Lip-PGE1 was given intravenously 2.

Stress reduction in the social environment of schizophrenic patients.

Patients with schizophrenia are sensitive to short term social stressors in the form of life events, and the long term stress of living with high Expressed Emotion (EE) relatives. A number of family interventions have been evaluated in controlled trials. A comparison of successful and unsuccessful interventions indicates the optimal type of intervention for patients in high EE environments.

Postinsult treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine decreases IL-1-induced neutrophil influx and lung leak in rats.

We found that intratracheal administration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1) rapidly (5 h) increased leak of 125I-labeled albumin from the blood into the lung (lung leak), influx of neutrophils into lung lavages, lung oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, breath hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, and lung histological abnormalities in intact rats. Since N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) increases glutathione (GSH) levels in vivo and scavenges oxygen radicals in vitro, we tested the effect of NAC given intravenously on lung changes following intratracheal IL-1 administration. We found that administration of NAC immediately before or 2.