The potential of high temporal resolution automatic measurements of PM composition as an alternative to the filter-based manual method used in routine monitoring.

Under the EU Air Quality Directive (AQD) 2008/50/EC member states are required to undertake routine monitoring of PM composition at background stations. The AQD states for PM speciation this should include at least: nitrate , sulfate , chloride (Cl), ammonium (NH4), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Until 2017, it was the responsibility of each country to determine the methodology used to report the composition for the inorganic components of PM.

Validity and Reproducibility of an Electronic Food Frequency Questionnaire in Argentinian Adults.

This study aimed to validate a semiquantitative electronic food frequency questionnaire (eFFQ) in estimating the intake of a comprehensive list of nutrients and bioactive compounds among adults from six regions of Argentina using multiple 24 h dietary recall (24HR) as a reference. A total of 163 adults completed two administrations of the eFFQ and four 24HRs. The paired -test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman/Pearson correlations, cross-classification, weighted kappa statistics, and Bland-Altman plots were employed to determine relative validity.

European consensus statement on expert colposcopy.

Background: Following the publication of the European consensus statement on standards for essential colposcopy in 2020, the need for standards relating to more complex and challenging colposcopy practice was recognised. These standards relate to colposcopy undertaken in patients identified through cervical screening and tertiary referrals from colposcopists who undertake standard colposcopy only. This set of recommendations provides a review of the current literature and agreement on care for recognised complex cases.

Investigating the Impact of Ultra-Radical Surgery on Survival in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Using Population-Based Data in a Multicentre UK Study.

We investigated URS and impact on survival in whole patient cohorts with AOC treated within gynaecological cancer centres that participated in the previously presented SOCQER 2 study. National cancer registry datasets were used to identify FIGO Stage 3,4 and unknown stage patients from 11 cancer centres that had previously participated in the SOCQER2 study. Patient outcomes’ association with surgical ethos were evaluated using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards.

4D-Var Inversion of European NH Emissions Using CrIS NH Measurements and GEOS-Chem Adjoint With Bi-Directional and Uni-Directional Flux Schemes.

We conduct the first 4D-Var inversion of NH accounting for NH bi-directional flux, using CrIS satellite NH observations over Europe in 2016. We find posterior NH emissions peak more in springtime than prior emissions at continental to national scales, and annually they are generally smaller than the prior emissions over central Europe, but larger over most of the rest of Europe. Annual posterior anthropogenic NH emissions for 25 European Union members (EU25) are 25% higher than the prior emissions and very close (<2% difference) to other inventories.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Screening Programs for Cervical Cancer Prevention Across Europe.

Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of cervical cancer screening in European countries.

Materials And Methods: A 3 rounds e-survey was conducted among the 31 European Federation for Colposcopy member countries during 2020. Each representative was asked to answer to each questionnaire for their own country.

Early Welsh cervical screening programme learning as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.

Background: The coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the cervical screening programme in Wales for the eligible women, sample takers, and laboratory and colposcopy services.

Aims: To explore what changes due to the pandemic have adversely affected screening outcomes in Wales and what lessons can be learned to improve cervical screening in Wales and elsewhere.

Methods: A review of the screening performance in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021 in Wales as well as a comparison with other cervical screening programme responses to the pandemic.

Quality of life from cytoreductive surgery in advanced ovarian cancer: Investigating the association between disease burden and surgical complexity in the international, prospective, SOCQER-2 cohort study.

Objective: To investigate quality of life (QoL) and association with surgical complexity and disease burden after surgical resection for advanced ovarian cancer in centres with variation in surgical approach.

Design: Prospective multicentre observational study.

Setting: Gynaecological cancer surgery centres in the UK, Kolkata, India, and Melbourne, Australia.

Development and Usability Study of an Open-Access Interviewer-Administered Automated 24-h Dietary Recall Tool in Argentina: MAR24.

Latin American countries show a fast-growing rate of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and diet is a critical risk factor that must be properly assessed. Automated dietary assessment tools to collect 24-h dietary recalls (24HR) are lacking in Argentina. This study aimed to develop an open-access automated tool (MAR24) for collecting 24HR using a multiple pass method and a database containing foods and recipes commonly consumed in Argentina.

Sources of PM-bound water soluble ions at EMEP's Auchencorth Moss (UK) supersite revealed by 3D-Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) model.

The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) model is a well-known tool which combines the residence time (trajectory points) of air masses over specific regions with ambient concentrations of air pollutants, aiming to identify potential long range transport impacts. An upgraded 3D-version of CWT model (3D-CWT), investigating not only the geographical origin of the exogenous emissions but also the altitudinal layers in which the transport occurs, was developed and coupled with PM-bound concentrations of water soluble ions (nss- SO (non-sea salt sulfates), NO, Cl, NH, Na, Mg, Ca and K) for the years 2017-2018, derived by the Auchencorth Moss supersite in Southeast Scotland, United Kingdom (UK). The 3D-CWT model was implemented in two distinct altitudinal layers above ground level (0 m ≤ Layer 1 < 1000 m, 1000 m ≤ Layer 2 < 2000 m), because few trajectory points exceeded the 2000 m limit.

Examining the utility of lower dose radiotherapy for localised primary ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma.

Introduction: Most primary ocular adnexal lymphomas are those involving mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Radiotherapy (RT) dose regimens in the literature vary from the historically used high doses (up to 56 Gy) to lower dose RT. We aimed to examine our institution's experience with the use of orbital RT for treating early-stage primary ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma (POAML).

Options for triage and implications for colposcopists within European HPV-based cervical screening programmes.

The development of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening should detect more pre-cancerous changes and so reduce the incidence and mortality from cervical squamous carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma. However, many more women are high risk HPV (hrHPV) screen positive compared to cytology-based screening, especially in younger age-women. A variety of tests have become available which may triage into those hrHPV test-positive women who need immediate referral to colposcopy from those who need early repeat HPV tests or recall on the basis of their disease status.

A 4 year observation of gastrointestinal nematode egg counts, nemabiomes and the benzimidazole resistance genotypes of Teladorsagia circumcincta on a Scottish sheep farm.

Anthelmintic resistance threatens the sustainability of sheep production globally. Advice regarding strategies to reduce the development of anthelmintic resistance incorporates the outcomes of modelling exercises. Further understanding of gastrointestinal nematode species diversity, and population dynamics and genetics (which may vary between species) is required to refine these models; and field studies combining faecal egg outputs, species composition and resistance genetics are needed to calibrate them.

Introducing human papillomavirus (HPV) primary testing in the age of HPV vaccination: projected impact on colposcopy services in Wales.

Objective: To determine the demand for colposcopy in the Cervical Screening Wales programme after the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical screening, which coincided with the start of screening of women vaccinated against HPV types 16/18.

Design: The study used a computational model that assigns screening and screening-related colposcopy events to birth cohorts in individual calendar years.

Setting: Cervical Screening Wales.

European consensus statement on essential colposcopy.

This European consensus statement on essential colposcopy provides standards for the general colposcopist seeing women referred for colposcopy with an abnormal cervical screening test (including cytology and HPV tests) or with a clinically suspicious cervix. The article gives guidance regarding the aims and conduct of colposcopy. Recommendations are provided on colposcopy technique, the management of common colposcopy issues, treatment and follow-up of after treatment of CIN or early stage cervical.

Using technology to harmonise treatment approaches in colposcopy in the face of a changing environment.

The overall numbers of precancerous lesions are expected to fall as human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinated women enter the cervical screening programme. Juxtaposed against an increase in referrals from the introduction of primary high-risk HPV screening, colposcopists expect to see a decreasing incidence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Correct identification of lesions will become more challenging, as the prevalence of high-grade lesions becomes minimal and conventional colposcopy is subject to a lower sensitivity.

Alkaline air: changing perspectives on nitrogen and air pollution in an ammonia-rich world.

Ammonia and ammonium have received less attention than other forms of air pollution, with limited progress in controlling emissions at UK, European and global scales. By contrast, these compounds have been of significant past interest to science and society, the recollection of which can inform future strategies. Sal ammoniac (, ) is found to have been extremely valuable in long-distance trade ( AD 600-1150) from Egypt and China, where 6-8 kg N could purchase a human life, while air pollution associated with collection was attributed to this nitrogen form.

Identification of European-wide clinical priorities for guideline development in the management of pre-invasive cervical disease.

Objective: Addressing management controversies in the treatment of pre-invasive cervical disease is a key priority for the European Federation for Colposcopy/European Society of Gynaecologic Oncology who aim to develop a practical handbook of European centred guidelines to address areas where there is a lack of high-quality evidence or identifiable practice variation. Clinical opinion across the EFC network was sought to identify topics likely to have the most impact on clinical practice for systematic review and development of practice recommendations.

Study Design: A scoping exercise comprising of a three-iteration modified Delphi with representation from each member society of the EFC was conducted in 2018.

UK national survey of the management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) is less common than intraepithelial neoplasia at other non-cervical sites and can be challenging to manage. This survey describes current clinical practice by colposcopists in the UK. An online questionnaire was emailed to all the lead colposcopists in U.

The dynamics of ovine gastrointestinal nematode infections within ewe and lamb cohorts on three Scottish sheep farms.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a serious concern for sheep producers worldwide. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing the epidemiology of GIN on modern UK sheep farms. The aim of this paper was to understand whether expected seasonal variations of infection are still found in ewes and lambs under varying management strategies in temperate climates.

Seasonal fluxes of carbon monoxide from an intensively grazed grassland in Scotland.

Fluxes of carbon monoxide (CO) were measured using a fast-response quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer and the eddy covariance method at a long-term intensively grazed grassland in southern Scotland. Measurements lasted 20 months from April 2016 to November 2017, during which normal agricultural activities continued. Observed fluxes followed a regular diurnal cycle, peaking at midday and returning to values near zero during the night, with occasional uptake observed.