[Consensus Statement on deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder].

Background: Since 2013, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been reimbursed in the Netherlands as a proven effective treatment for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Nevertheless, DBS is still rarely applied, and a national Dutch treatment protocol is lacking.

Aim: To prepare a nationwide multidisciplinary treatment protocol for the application of DBS in the treatment of treatment-resistant OCD.

Transitioning from Subtyping to Precision Medicine in Parkinson's Disease: A Purpose-Driven Approach.

The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) created a task force (TF) to provide a critical overview of the Parkinson's disease (PD) subtyping field and develop a guidance on future research in PD subtypes. Based on a literature review, we previously concluded that PD subtyping requires an ultimate alignment with principles of precision medicine, and consequently novel approaches were needed to describe heterogeneity at the individual patient level. In this manuscript, we present a novel purpose-driven framework for subtype research as a guidance to clinicians and researchers when proposing to develop, evaluate, or use PD subtypes.

Perspectives of Implementation of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation: From Neurological to Psychiatric Disorders.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly efficient, evidence-based therapy to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia, which is also being applied in several psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression, when they are otherwise resistant to therapy.

Summary: At present, DBS is clinically applied in the so-called open-loop approach, with fixed stimulation parameters, irrespective of the patients' clinical state(s). This approach ignores the brain states or feedback from the central nervous system or peripheral recordings, thus potentially limiting its efficacy and inducing side effects by stimulation of the targeted networks below or above the therapeutic level.

Risk factors for behavioral and psychotic dysregulation at the epilepsy monitoring unit in patients with intracranial electrodes.

Objective: Aberrant behavior in patients with epilepsy (PWE) admitted to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) can endanger their safety. We sought to identify predictive factors for post-ictal behavioral dysregulation and psychosis in patients with refractory epilepsy being monitored at an EMU.

Methods: Retrospective data were gathered from electronic patient files of all patients with refractory epilepsy who underwent intracranial registration at our EMU.

Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structural Connectivity.

Background: Anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with grey matter changes and functional changes in anxiety-related neuronal circuits. So far, no study has analyzed white matter (WM) changes in patients with PD and anxiety.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify WM changes by comparing PD patients with and without anxiety, using diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI).

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease Induces Functional Brain Changes.

Background: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reduces anxiety symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify changes in functional connectivity in the brain after CBT for anxiety in patients with PD.

Methods: Thirty-five patients with PD and clinically significant anxiety were randomized over two groups: CBT plus clinical monitoring (10 CBT sessions) or clinical monitoring only (CMO).

Psychotropic medication use in Huntington's disease: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Whereas the treatment of motor symptoms in Huntington's disease (HD) receives much attention, less is known about the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objective: We aim to give an overview of psychotropic drug use in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms across disease stages in HD.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of psychotropic drug prescriptions in a large longitudinal database of HD patients, Enroll HD.

Machine learning-based prediction of cognitive outcomes in de novo Parkinson's disease.

Cognitive impairment is a debilitating symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to establish an accurate multivariate machine learning (ML) model to predict cognitive outcome in newly diagnosed PD cases from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Annual cognitive assessments over an 8-year time span were used to define two cognitive outcomes of (i) cognitive impairment, and (ii) dementia conversion.

Brain network characteristics and cognitive performance in motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease: A resting state fMRI study.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder with great variability in motor and non-motor manifestations. It is hypothesized that different motor subtypes are characterized by different neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms, but the underlying correlates in cerebral connectivity remain unknown. Our aim is to compare brain network connectivity between the postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) and tremor-dominant (TD) subtypes, using both a within- and between-network analysis.

Network analysis in Gamma Knife capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Introduction: Gamma-knife Ventral Capsulotomy (GVC) has been suggested as an efficacious treatment for a subset of patients with treatment refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

Research Question: The goal of this study was to investigate neural correlates of GVC and investigate the predictive value of white matter tracts that are known to be associated with clinical outcome to Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS).

Material And Methods: MR images of 8 treatment-refractory OCD patients with a minimum follow-up of 3-years who underwent GVC were used to correlate lesion characteristics with symptom improvement.

The frontostriatal subtype of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, but not the posterior cortical one, is associated with specific EEG alterations.

Background: The 'dual syndrome' hypothesis states that two cognitive subtypes can be distinguished in mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI): a frontostriatal one, characterized by attentional and/or executive deficits, and a posterior cortical one, characterized by visuospatial, memory and/or language deficits. The latter type has been associated with a higher risk of earlier development of PD dementia. The functional bases of these subtypes remain partly unknown.

Phenomenology of Atypical Anxiety Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Anxiety is a prominent concern in Parkinson's disease (PD) that negatively impacts quality of life, increases functional disability, and complicates clinical management. Atypical presentations of anxiety are under-recognized and inadequately treated in patients with PD, compromising global PD care.

Methods: This systematic review focuses on the prevalence, symptomology and clinical correlates of atypical presentations of PD-related anxiety following PRISMA guidelines.

Surgical and Hardware-Related Adverse Events of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Ten-Year Single-Center Experience.

Introduction: Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective for treating a number of neurological and psychiatric indications, surgical and hardware-related adverse events (AEs) can occur that affect quality of life. This study aimed to give an overview of the nature and frequency of those AEs in our center and to describe the way they were managed. Furthermore, an attempt was made at identifying possible risk factors for AEs to inform possible future preventive measures.

Cognitive Outcome After Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Neuropsychological assessment contributes to DBS treatment in several ways: it monitors the cognitive safety of the treatment, identifies beneficial or detrimental cognitive side effects, and it could aid to explain variability in treatment outcome, and possibly the treatment's working mechanism(s).

Background: This systematic review assessed the cognitive safety of DBS for OCD and explored whether changes in cognitive function may help explain its working mechanism(s).

Anxiety in Parkinson's disease: A resting-state high density EEG study.

Objective: To identify markers of Parkinson's disease (PD) related anxiety, using high density electroencephalography (hd-EEG).

Methods: 108 patients participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: with and without clinically relevant anxiety, according to their score on the Parkinson Anxiety Scale.

A neural network for tics: insights from causal brain lesions and deep brain stimulation.

Brain lesions are a rare cause of tic disorders. However, they can provide uniquely causal insights into tic pathophysiology and can also inform on possible neuromodulatory therapeutic targets. Based on a systematic literature review, we identified 22 cases of tics causally attributed to brain lesions and employed 'lesion network mapping' to interrogate whether tic-inducing lesions would be associated with a common network in the average human brain.

The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease: advances and challenges.

In people with Parkinson's disease, neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms are common throughout the disease course. These symptoms can be disabling and as clinically relevant as motor symptoms, and their presentation can be similar to, or distinct from, their counterparts in the general population. Correlates and risk factors for developing neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms include demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics.

Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Frontostriatal and Posterior Cortical Subtypes in Parkinson's Disease-Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background: The "dual syndrome hypothesis" distinguished two subtypes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson's disease: frontostriatal, characterized by attentional and executive deficits; and posterior cortical, characterized by visuospatial, memory, and language deficits.

Objective: The aim was to identify resting-state functional modifications associated with these subtypes.

Methods: Ninety-five nondemented patients categorized as having normal cognition (n = 31), frontostriatal (n = 14), posterior cortical (n = 20), or mixed (n = 30) cognitive subtype had a 3 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan.

[Ethical issues for the further development of psychiatric deep brain stimulation].

Background: Except in the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder, deep brain stimulation (DBS) for psychiatric indications is an experimental treatment, reserved for the most severe and treatment resistant cases.

Aim: To discuss ethical aspects for the further development of DBS in psychiatry.

Method: Ethical reflection.

European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part IV: deep brain stimulation.

In 2011 the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) published its first European clinical guidelines for the treatment of Tourette Syndrome (TS) with part IV on deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we present a revised version of these guidelines with updated recommendations based on the current literature covering the last decade as well as a survey among ESSTS experts. Currently, data from the International Tourette DBS Registry and Database, two meta-analyses, and eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are available.

Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is among the most disabling psychiatric disorders. Although deep brain stimulation is considered an effective treatment, its use in clinical practice is not fully established. This is, at least in part, due to ambiguity about the best suited target and insufficient knowledge about underlying mechanisms.