Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use.

Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.

p62 links β-adrenergic input to mitochondrial function and thermogenesis.

The scaffold protein p62 (sequestosome 1; SQSTM1) is an emerging key molecular link among the metabolic, immune, and proliferative processes of the cell. Here, we report that adipocyte-specific, but not CNS-, liver-, muscle-, or myeloid-specific p62-deficient mice are obese and exhibit a decreased metabolic rate caused by impaired nonshivering thermogenesis. Our results show that p62 regulates energy metabolism via control of mitochondrial function in brown adipose tissue (BAT).

Thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to creatine, glycerol and alpha lipoic acid in trained cyclists.

Background: It has been shown that supplementation with creatine (Cr) and glycerol (Gly), when combined with glucose (Glu) necessary for the enhancement of Cr uptake by skeletal muscle, induces significant improvements in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses during exercise in the heat.

Purpose: To determine whether Cr/Gly-induced thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses are maintained when the majority (~75%) of the Glu in the Cr/Gly supplement is replaced with the insulintropic agent alpha lipoic acid (Ala).

Methods: 22 healthy endurance trained cyclists were randomly assigned to receive either 20 g/day (4 × 5 g/day) of Cr, 2 g .

Observation of muon neutrino disappearance with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam.

This Letter reports results from the MINOS experiment based on its initial exposure to neutrinos from the Fermilab NuMI beam. The rates and energy spectra of charged current nu(mu) interactions are compared in two detectors located along the beam axis at distances of 1 and 735 km. With 1.

Age-dependent cutoff values in screening newborns for hypothyroidism.

Objectives: We wanted to develop age-related reference (cutoff) values and an algorithm to identify babies at low, moderate, and high risk for hypothyroidism of any cause. We used thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as the primary tool, and thyroxine (T4) as part of a confirmatory test. Our data permitted us to estimate cutoff values for newborns at <24 h, 24 to 47 h, 48 to 71 h, 72 to 95 h, and > or =96 h after birth.