The impact of climate change on coastal erosion in Southeast Asia and the compelling need to establish robust adaptation strategies.

Climate change alters the climate condition and ocean environment, leading to accelerated coastal erosion and a shift in the coastline shape. From previous studies, Southeast Asia's coastal region is suffering from severe coastal erosion. It is most sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, has broad and densely populated coastlines, and is under ecological pressure.

Environmental impacts of shore revetment.

Coastal structures, especially revetments, have been widely implemented to protect properties and infrastructures from erosive waves during storms. While being incompatible with nature-based solutions, revetments have still been constructed due to their effectiveness in solving coastal erosion. One of the most crucial concerns that should be considered as part of a revetment implementation is how to diminish and manage its possible impacts on the environment.

Jeopardizing the environment with beach nourishment.

Beach nourishment is not a permanent solution against beach erosion, as periodic renourishment will be needed to maintain its effectiveness. Numerous publications show that it may potentially affect the entire marine ecosystem, yet it is still being implemented nowadays, and its use is predicted to expand. The environmental impacts of beach nourishment are often underestimated or neglected.

Environmental impact of submerged and emerged breakwaters.

Coastlines are constantly threatened by erosion. Effective coastal defense structures with the least environmental impacts are increasingly required. Submerged and emerged breakwaters have been implemented globally, while positively or negatively creating impacts on the environment.