Current state and future perspectives in the diagnosis of eyelid margin disease: clinical review.

The eyelid margin is vital to ocular surface integrity. Much peer-reviewed literature has been established in eyelid margin inflammation, better known as blepharitis. The purpose was to review and understand the impact of eyelid margin disease.

Eyelid margin disease (blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction): clinical review of evidence-based and emerging treatments.

Blepharitis is a common ophthalmic condition with multiple etiologies and no definitive, universal treatment. The treatment modalities for managing lid margin diseases vary depending on the disease's cause, location, and severity. For anterior blepharitis, management options include eyelid hygiene with warm compresses, eyelid scrubs, baby shampoo, and over-the-counter eyelid cleansers.

Effectiveness of a proficiency-based progression e-learning approach to training in communication in the context of clinically deteriorating patients: a multi-arm randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of proficiency-based progression (PBP) e-learning in training in communication concerning clinically deteriorating patients.

Design: Single-centre multi-arm randomised double-blind controlled trial with three parallel arms.

Randomisation, Setting And Participants: A computer-generated program randomised and allocated 120 final year medical students in an Irish University into three trial groups.

Detection and discrimination of achromatic contrast: A ganglion cell perspective.

The magnocellular (MC) pathway in the primate has much higher achromatic contrast sensitivity than the parvocellular (PC) pathway, and is implicated in luminance contrast detection. But MC pathway responses tend to saturate at lower achromatic contrast than do PC pathway responses. It has been proposed that the PC pathway plays a major role in discriminating suprathreshold achromatic contrast, because the MC pathway is in saturation.

Survey of Corneal Surgeons' Attitudes Regarding Keratoplasty Rejection Risk Associated With Vaccinations.

Purpose: To investigate the attitudes and practice of corneal specialists if patients with keratoplasty sought advice regarding common vaccinations and risk for potential graft rejection.

Methods: An online questionnaire was posted on the Kera-net listserv and the EuCornea Web site in early 2020. Attitudes toward vaccinations and keratoplasty were obtained.

The corneal endothelium: clinical review of endothelial cell health and function.

The endothelial cell is a critical structure within the cornea and is responsible for maintaining corneal clarity through its pump function. Endothelial cells are lost over time naturally but can be injured medically, surgically, or as a part of various dystrophies. Monitoring of endothelial cells can be performed clinically or more formally with specular microscopy.

A quantitative description of macaque ganglion cell responses to natural scenes: the interplay of time and space.

Key Points: Responses to natural scenes are the business of the retina. We find primate ganglion cell responses to such scenes consistent with those to simpler stimuli. A biophysical model confirmed this and predicted ganglion cell responses with close to retinal reliability.

Increasing Povidone-Iodine Exposure in Endothelial Keratoplasty Tissue Processing and Fungal Infection Impact.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect on donor rim cultures and postoperative infections of doubling the povidone-iodine exposure time during corneal tissue recovery before its use in keratoplasty.

Methods: Consecutive donor cornea recoveries were evaluated for positive donor corneal rim cultures and postoperative infections before and after a protocol change of doubling the exposure time of povidone-iodine during donor preparation.

Results: In 631 consecutive cornea donor recoveries, 18 (2.

Donor, Recipient, and Operative Factors Associated With Increased Endothelial Cell Loss in the Cornea Preservation Time Study.

Importance: Determining factors associated with endothelial cell loss after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) could improve long-term graft survival.

Objective: To evaluate the associations of donor, recipient, and operative factors with endothelial cell density (ECD) 3 years after DSAEK in the Cornea Preservation Time Study.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study was a secondary analysis of data collected in a multicenter, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.

Ciliary body metastasis from renal cell carcinoma successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab.

Purpose: To report an innovative new treatment option for ciliary body tumor metastasis from renal cell carcinoma treated with intravitreal bevacizumab.

Observations: A 70-year-old Caucasian man presented with a ciliary body tumor as a result from metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. It was preferable to treat the ciliary body tumor in the least invasive manner possible based on the patient's health, systemic metastasis, and the invasiveness of local resection.

Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty: Safety and Outcomes: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To review the published literature on the safety and outcomes of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for the surgical treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction.

Methods: Literature searches were last conducted in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases most recently in May 2017. The searches, which were limited to English-language abstracts, yielded 1085 articles.

The spatial structure of cone-opponent receptive fields in macaque retina.

The receptive field structure of long (L) to middle (M) wavelength (L/M) cone-opponent ganglion cells of the parafoveal macaque retina was investigated using drifting gratings. Gratings were luminance, chromatic or selective for the L- or M-cones. Based on these spatial tuning curves, receptive field profiles for the individual cones were derived.

Color vision: introduction by the feature editors.

This feature issue of the Journal of the Optical Society of America A (JOSA A) reflects the basic and applied research interests of members of the color vision community. Most of the articles stem from presentations at the 23rd Biennial Symposium of the International Colour Vision Society (ICVS).

Dependence of chromatic responses in V1 on visual field eccentricity and spatial frequency: an fMRI study.

Psychophysical sensitivity to red-green chromatic modulation decreases with visual eccentricity, compared to sensitivity to luminance modulation, even after appropriate stimulus scaling. This is likely to occur at a central, rather than a retinal, site. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to stimuli designed to separately stimulate different afferent channels' [red-green, luminance, and short-wavelength (S)-cone] circular gratings were recorded as a function of visual eccentricity (±10  deg) and spatial frequency (SF) in human primary visual cortex (V1) and further visual areas (V2v, V3v).

Macaque retinal ganglion cell responses to visual patterns: harmonic composition, noise, and psychophysical detectability.

The goal of these experiments was to test how well cell responses to visual patterns can be predicted from the sinewave tuning curve. Magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) ganglion cell responses to different spatial waveforms (sinewave, squarewave, and ramp waveforms) were measured across a range of spatial frequencies. Sinewave spatial tuning curves were fit with standard Gaussian models.

Safety and Efficacy of Lacrimal Drainage System Plugs for Dry Eye Syndrome: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Objective: To review the published literature assessing the efficacy and safety of lacrimal drainage system plug insertion for dry eye in adults.

Methods: Literature searches of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were last conducted on March 9, 2015, without date restrictions and were limited to English language abstracts. The searches retrieved 309 unique citations.

Boston Keratoprosthesis: Outcomes and Complications: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Objective: To review the published literature on safety and outcomes of the Boston type I keratoprosthesis (BI-KPro) for the surgical treatment of corneal opacification not amenable to human cadaveric corneal transplantation.

Methods: Searches of peer-reviewed literature were conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library in December 2012, July 2013, and January 2014 without date restrictions. The searches were limited to studies published in English and yielded 587 citations.

Mitomycin C-associated scleral stromalysis after pterygium surgery.

Purpose: To describe complications after use of mitomycin C (MMC) as a surgical adjuvant in pterygium surgery.

Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients presenting to a tertiary referral center over a 7-year period with a diagnosis of scleral stromalysis after previous pterygium removal.

Results: Sixteen eyes of 15 patients were identified with scleral stromalysis after pterygium surgery with the use of adjuvant MMC.

Retinal adaptation abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose: Dynamic color and brightness adaptation are crucial for visual functioning. The effects of glaucoma on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) could compromise these functions. We have previously used slow dynamic changes of light at moderate intensities to measure the speed and magnitude of subtractive adaptation in RGCs.

Alouatta trichromatic color vision: cone spectra and physiological responses studied with microspectrophotometry and single unit retinal electrophysiology.

The howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) are the only New World primates to exhibit routine trichromacy. Both males and females have three cone photopigments.

Eye movements and the neural basis of context effects on visual sensitivity.

The effects of context on visual sensitivity are well established (e.g., sensitivity to luminance flicker is substantially higher on mean-gray surrounds than on white or black surrounds).

Color vision: Introduction by the feature editors.

This feature issue of the Journal of the Optical Society of America A (JOSA A) stems from the 22nd Biennial Symposium of the International Colour Vision Society (ICVS) and reflects the basic and applied research interests of members of the color vision community. A profile is included of the 2013 Verriest Medal recipient.

Independence and interaction of luminance and chromatic contributions to spatial hyperacuity performance.

Here we test interactions of luminance and chromatic input to spatial hyperacuity mechanisms. First, we tested alignment of luminance and chromatic gratings matched or mismatched in contrast polarity or grating type. Thresholds with matched gratings were low while all mismatched pairs were elevated.