Initiating Antiretroviral Treatment Early in Infancy Has Long-term Benefits on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoir in Late Childhood and Adolescence.

Background: Early combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) limits the total HIV-DNA load in children. However, data on its impact in older children and adolescents remain scarce. This study compares HIV reservoirs in children (5-12 years) and adolescents (13-17 years) who started cART <6 months (early [E-] group) or >2 years (late [L-] group).

Does transient cART started during primary HIV infection undermine the long-term immunologic and virologic response on cART resumption?

Background: We explored the impact of transient cART started during the primary HIV-infection (PHI) on the long-term immunologic and virologic response on cART resumption, by comparison with treatment initiation during the chronic phase of HIV infection (CHI).

Methods: We analyzed data on 1450 patients enrolled during PHI in the ANRS PRIMO cohort between 1996 and 2013. "Treatment resumption" was defined as at least 3 months of resumed treatment following interruption of at least 1 month of treatment initiated during PHI.

Comparing genotoxic signatures in cord blood cells from neonates exposed in utero to zidovudine or tenofovir.

Objectives: Zidovudine and tenofovir are the two main nucleos(t)ide analogs used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In vitro, both drugs bind to and integrate into human DNA and inhibit telomerase. The objective of the present study was to assess the genotoxic effects of either zidovudine or tenofovir-based combination therapies on cord blood cells in newborns exposed in utero.

Blunted response to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV elite controllers: an international HIV controller collaboration.

Objective: HIV "elite controllers" (ECs) spontaneously control viral load, but some eventually require combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), due to a loss of viral control or a decline in CD4 T-cell counts. Here we studied the CD4 T-cell count dynamics after cART initiation among 34 ECs followed in U.S.

High exposure to zidovudine during the first 2 weeks of life and concentration-toxicity relationships.

Objectives: The aims of the study were in a large group of neonates to identify the relative effect of bodyweight, postnatal age, and gestational age on zidovudine (ZDV) pharmacokinetics; to link concentrations with lactate and hemoglobin levels; and to find the more appropriate neonatal ZDV dose.

Methods: In 484 neonates aged 3-30 days, born to HIV-infected mothers, 767 ZDV and 417 ZDV glucuronide concentrations were collected.

Results: Using a population approach, ZDV clearance per kilogram increased with postnatal age but not with gestational age.

CD4 dynamics over a 15 year-period among HIV controllers enrolled in the ANRS French observatory.

Background: There are few large published studies of HIV controllers with long-term undetectable viral load (VL). We describe the characteristics and outcomes of 81 French HIV controllers.

Methods And Results: HIV controllers were defined as asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naïve persons infected ≥10 years previously, with HIV-RNA <400 copies/mL in >90% of plasma samples.

Long-term nonprogression of HIV infection in children: evaluation of the ANRS prospective French Pediatric Cohort.

Background: Some children who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the perinatal period remain asymptomatic for very long periods in the absence of antiretroviral treatment, as is the case for some adults. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of children who developed neither symptoms nor major immunological perturbations to the age of > or = 10 years in a prospective cohort of infected children who had been observed since birth.

Methods: The ongoing prospective French Pediatric Cohort includes 568 HIV-1-infected children.

Zidovudine genotypic resistance in HIV-1-infected newborns in the French perinatal cohort.

A retrospective study was set up to investigate the frequency of zidovudine (ZDV)-resistant HIV-1 in infected newborns after ZDV prophylaxis in the French Perinatal Cohort study. Nucleotide sequence analysis was carried out from 34 infants' isolates and 18 maternal plasma samples. Mutations related to ZDV resistance were found in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in 7 of 34 children (20%).