Competition-level code generation with AlphaCode.

Programming is a powerful and ubiquitous problem-solving tool. Systems that can assist programmers or even generate programs themselves could make programming more productive and accessible. Recent transformer-based neural network models show impressive code generation abilities yet still perform poorly on more complex tasks requiring problem-solving skills, such as competitive programming problems.

Grandmaster level in StarCraft II using multi-agent reinforcement learning.

Many real-world applications require artificial agents to compete and coordinate with other agents in complex environments. As a stepping stone to this goal, the domain of StarCraft has emerged as an important challenge for artificial intelligence research, owing to its iconic and enduring status among the most difficult professional esports and its relevance to the real world in terms of its raw complexity and multi-agent challenges. Over the course of a decade and numerous competitions, the strongest agents have simplified important aspects of the game, utilized superhuman capabilities, or employed hand-crafted sub-systems.

An epistemology for clinical medicine: an argument for reflection on the ends of medical practice and ways of knowing with implications for the selection and training of physician.

Today physicians and scientists have a detailed understanding of human biology and have developed diagnostic and therapeutic tools that were unimaginable a century ago. Yet physicians have provided care and counsel for more than 3000 years. Some, such as Hippocrates and Osler, remain exemplars of the excellent physician.

A comprehensive assessment of transfusion in elective pancreatectomy: risk factors and complications.

Background: Specific data are needed regarding the impact of transfusion on operative complications in pancreatectomy. The objectives of this study were to determine risk factors for transfusion and to evaluate the potential association between transfusion and operative complications in elective pancreatectomy procedures.

Study Design: We reviewed our institution's pancreatectomy and ACS-NSQIP databases.

Appropriate use of screening and diagnostic tests to foster high-value, cost-conscious care.

Unsustainable rising health care costs in the United States have made reducing costs while maintaining high-quality health care a national priority. The overuse of some screening and diagnostic tests is an important component of unnecessary health care costs. More judicious use of such tests will improve quality and reflect responsible awareness of costs.

Hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis with thoracic myelopathy: the initial presentation of ANCA-related systemic vasculitis.

Study Design: A retrospective case review combined with a review of current literature.

Objectives: We describe a case of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-related systemic vasculitis, with nearly 4 years of clinical and radiographic follow-up, initially presenting as hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis (HSP). The diagnosis, surgical, and medical treatment of HSP are discussed in the context of a literature review.

Validation of the revised Schwartz estimating equation in a predominantly non-CKD population.

Recently, Schwartz et al. (J Am Soc Nephrol 20:629-637, 2009) used data from the National Institutes of Health-funded Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study to generate new equations for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), including an update of the commonly used bedside equation. However, it is unclear if the equation can be generalized to a broader pediatric population.

A new model for accreditation of residency programs in internal medicine.

A renewed emphasis on clinical competence and its assessment has grown out of public concerns about the safety, efficacy, and accountability of health care in the United States. Medical schools and residency training programs are paying increased attention to teaching and evaluating basic clinical skills, stimulated in part by these concerns and the responding initiatives of accrediting, certifying, and licensing bodies. This paper, from the Residency Review Committee for Internal Medicine of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, proposes a new outcomes-based accreditation strategy for residency training programs in internal medicine.

Insights from outstanding rural internal medicine residency rotations at the University of Washington.

Purpose: Despite being well suited to provide the breadth of care needed in rural areas, few general internists become rural physicians. Little formal rural residency training is available and no formal curricula exist. For over 25 years the University of Washington School of Medicine has provided elective WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, Idaho) rural residency rotations to expose residents to the rewards and challenges of rural practice.

Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation associated with topical methyl salicylate.

Objective: To report a case of international normalized ratio (INR) elevation resulting from the administration of topical methyl salicylate in a patient whose INR was previously stable while she received warfarin anticoagulation.

Case Summary: A 22-year-old white woman presented with an INR of 12.2 after applying a topical pain-relieving gel to her knees daily for eight days.

False-positive captopril renography in patients taking calcium antagonists.

Unlabelled: Captopril-enhanced renography is the noninvasive test of choice for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. Previous studies have shown that bilateral symmetrical changes are associated with many renal conditions. However, patients with normal renal angiography occurred in our institutions despite this scintigraphic pattern, and no known conditions could explain these results.

Ureteropelvic junction stenosis: antenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis, postnatal investigation, and follow-up.

Between January 1981 and October 1984, the diagnosis of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis was suspected in 39 fetuses after routine obstetrical ultrasound (US) examination. Postnatal investigation revealed that the initial diagnosis had been accurate in 30 cases (77%). There were 35 UPJ stenoses in 30 patients.

Urinary tract dilatation in utero: classification and clinical applications.

A morphologic classification of in utero urinary tract dilatation is presented. Ninety-two hydronephrotic fetal kidneys diagnosed with ultrasound were graded according to the proposed classification. The findings suggest that grade I dilatation (anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis less than 10 mm) should be considered normal.

Cystic hypernephroma mimicking an hepatic mass.

A renal mass was correctly identified with Tc-99m sulfur colloid liver-spleen scan and Tc-99m glucoheptonate scintigraphy while CT scan was misinterpreted as showing a hepatic lesion.