Intracellular changes in rat hepatocytes after intratracheal administration of highly dispersed silicon dioxide and uridine effects on these changes.

Rat hepatocytes were examined under electron microscope at early terms after intratracheal administration of highly dispersed silicon dioxide powder against the background of uridine treatment. Penetration of powder particles into hepatocyte cytoplasm, nuclei, mitochondria, and peroxisomes and development of bacteria in these cells were observed. Uridine reduced the destructive effect of powder on the organelles, increased glycogen content in hepatocytes, and inhibited the formation of capsulated bacterial forms in these cells.

[Intracellular symbiosis and energetic role of bacteria in gill epithelium of freshwater mollusks and fishes].

Penetration of bacteria by endocytosis into gill epithelial cells has been revealed in animals of different evolutionary levels (freshwater mollusks and fishes). These data confirm the leading role of endosymbiosis in the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes and in the evolution of animal life.

Ultrastructural and cytochemical changes in the respiratory compartment of the lungs in rats after combined treatment with fine silicon dioxide powder and uridine.

Electron microscopy and cytochemical study of alveolar tissue of rat lungs were performed at the early stage after intratracheal treatment with fine silicon dioxide powder. The preparation was administered to animals receiving or not receiving intravenous injection of uridine. Dust particles permeated the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei of cells in the air-blood barrier of the alveoli.

[On bacterial origin of mitochondria in eukaryotes in the light of current ideas of evolution of the organic world].

The hypothesis of bacterial origin of mitochondria, which existed until the end of the 20th century, has been confirmed on the basis of the current concepts of organic world evolution in the open sea hydrosphere and original data on the entry of bacteria (prokaryotes0 in the cells of eukaryotes and their transformation into the mitochondrial mechanism of aerobic energy metabolism. This hypothesis can now be considered as a factually substantiated theory. The process of endocytosis of bacteria in the tissues of eukaryotes, which began at the onset of transition of the anaerobic state of open sea hydrosphere and land atmosphere (Early Proterozoic), is considered as the beginning of symbiotic mode of life of organisms of the Proterozoic and Postproterozoic organic world.

[Significance of the energy of symbiotic bacteria in metabolism of hydrothermal and other chemotrophic biota of the ocean].

The bacterial origin of eukaryotic mitochondria, specifically in Metazoa, as a mechanism of their basic (aerobic) respiration and the role of symbiotic bacteria during the supply of energy to the metazoan host is proved for the first time from the viewpoint of the monophyletic development of the organic world and the origin of eukaryotes as descendants of prokaryotes Representatives of the hydrothermal bacteriochemosymbiotrophic bottom fauna of the open sea were used as examples.

[Current ideas of intracellular energy maintaining mechanisms in health and disease].

The paper presents the author's own findings and data available in the literature concerning the intracellular mechanisms of conversion of fatty acids to glucose and glycogen in mammalian and human tissues in health and in disease. This conversion is considered by the author to be a regular adaptive response that maintains energy homeostasis in oxygen deficiency.

[The adaptational intracellular mechanisms regulating energy homeostasis during intermittent normobaric hypoxia].

Rats trained to intermittent normobaric hypoxia (INH) developed an increase of the glycogen contents in the heart and liver parenchymatous cells. Fatty acids seem to be the main source for synthesis of the intracellular glycogen. The intracellular transformation of the lipid energy substrate into the carbohydrates maintains the energy homeostasis in hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes during hypoxic intervals of the INH thus creating the necessary conditions.

[Therapeutic effect of ultraviolet irradiation of autologous blood in early period of acute radiation sickness].

In experiments with dogs the acute radiation sickness was caused by common relatively uniform 3.5 Gy dose gamma-irradiation. Reinfusion of UV-irradiated autologous blood induced undoubted curative effect, which manifested itself in increased mean life, reduced mortality, more full restoring of blood-formation.

[Homeostatic responses of the body during infusion of UV-irradiated autologous plasma].

Complex examination of changes in some structural and metabolic values in intact dogs after a single infusion of autoplasma irradiated with ultraviolet rays suggests that mobilization of the system of antioxidant protection, inducing a specific reorganisation of the metabolic system, is the trigger mechanism of the organism's adaptation reaction.

[The substrate support for energy homeostasis in starvation].

Ultrastructural study of liver and leucocytes and biochemical study of the main fat and carbohydrate substrates of anergy metabolism were carried out in rats under full alimentary starvation. In vast prelethal period in the liver and probably in other organs the glucogenetic role of amino acids is increased in connection with expressed cells structure decomposition.

[The effect of anaprilin (obzidan) on adrenergic-dependent adaptive reactions of the body under conditions of prolonged stress exposure].

The conditions of some biochemical and functional systems of the rat organisms at daily intramuscular injections of obsidan (0.05 mg/100 g body weight) for one month were studied to evaluate the effect of obsidan on the adrenergic-dependent adaptive reactions. It was shown that the procedure of injections itself (the control group of animals receiving injections of sodium chloride isotonic solution) is stress leading to a decrease of beta-adrenergic-dependent reactions and an increase of alpha-adrenergic-dependent ones.

[Mechanism of activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in human plasma in stomach and duodenal ulcer].

Activity of kallikrein and content of prekallikrein were studied in blood serum of patients with gastroduodenal ulcer accompanied (or not accompanied) by hemorrhage. The rate of the kallikrein-kinin system activation was higher under conditions of the disease complicated by hemorrhage. Extracts of bioptic samples obtained from ulcerous zones as well as the extracts of leukocytes were shown to activate prekallikrein and Hageman factor in human blood plasma.

[Effect of Eleutherococcus on the subcellular structures of the heart in experimental myocardial infarct].

The effect of Eleutherococcus on subcellular heart organization in rats with or without myocardial infarction was investigated. It was found that Eleutherococcus decreases ultrastructural lesions in the ischemic area, intensifies regeneration of subcellular structures and accelerates the recovery after myocardial infarction. The accumulation of glycogen, lipids and lysosomes is observed in lipocytes.

[Subcellular localization of glycogen-UDP-glucosyltransferase in the hepatocytes of intact and fasting rats].

Electron microscope cytochemical techniques by Takeuchi et al. were used to study the localization of glycogen-UDP-glucosyl-transferase (GUDPG) in hepatocytes of intact and fasting rats. Glycogen was found in the cytoplasm, nuclei, mitochondria, microbodies and lysosomes of the hepatocytes of intact and fasting animals after special cytochemical procedures for determination of GUDPG.

[Intracellular transformation of fatty acids into glycogen in alloxan diabetic rats, based on electron autoradiographic data].

Alloxan diabetic rats were treated with intravenous injections of 3H-oleic or 3H-arachidonic acids. Radioautographs were found in glycogen accumulations in hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes as well as in pure glycogen fractions. The conclusion was made about transformation of fatty acids to glycogen.

[Subcellular localization of carnitine acetyltransferase in the organs of intact and starving rats].

Electron and histochemical techniques were used to study the localization of carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) in different tissues of intact and fasting rats (at the 5th day after keeping the animals without food, with the drinking regimen remaining unchanged). The enzyme was discovered in mitochondria and microbodies of cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and fibers of the skeletal muscle of intact rats. In fasting animals, CAT was identified not only in mitochondria and microbodies of cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes but also in membranes surrounding fat inclusions as well as in the plasmalemma of adipocytes.

[Mechanisms of reversibility of fatty degeneration].

Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) was determined electron microscopically and histochemically in hepatocytes of patients with cholecystitis and in hepatocytes of fasting rats. In the latter, tests for this enzyme were also done in subcutaneous tissue. Glycogen was determined histochemically in thin sections of hepatocytes from intact rats.

[Lipid transformation into glycogen in animal and human cells].

On the basis of analysis of the literature and the author's data a hypothesis of transformation of lipids into glycogen in animal and human cells by means of microbodies and lysosomes as one of the universal adaptative reactions of the host is substantiated. In the opinion of the author, both microbodies and lysosomes may take part both in the process of oxidation of intracellular lipids up to intermediate metabolism products and in the process of glycogen synthesis from these products. As a result of enhanced oxidation and transformation of lipids into glycogen the energy of the cell improves and the possibility of development of fatty dystrophy decreases.

[Structural and functional changes in the liver in chronic recurrent cholecystitis].

Destructive, inflammatory and sclerotic alterations of the hepatic tissue, increased content of lipid inclusions, lysosomes and microbodies in hepatocytes, vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum and depletion of ribosomal granules in it were revealed by morphological examinations of liver samples from the gall bladder bed from patients will rarely, frequently and continuously recurring chronic cholecystitis. A relationship between resorption of lipid structures, content of lysosomes and microbodies, and glycogen accumulation in hepatic cells was found. The destructive morphological changes correlated with reduced capacity of the liver to absorb radioactive label, an increase of alanine transaminase level in the blood, and decreased oxidative processes in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver.