Lipomatous nevus and urethral caruncle mistaken for ambiguous genitalia in a female infant.

We report the case of a 46,XX infant referred at 3 months of age for evaluation of ambiguous genitalia with no palpable gonads. The phallus was replaced by a homogeneous peduncular structure covered by skin, and a second peduncular structure covered by mucosa was located between the labia minora above the urethral meatus and the vaginal opening. There were no associated anomalies, and she had normal growth and neuromotor development.

Predictive criteria of insignificant prostate cancer: what is the correspondence of linear extent to percentage of cancer in a single core?

Objective: The aim of active surveillance of early prostate cancer is to individualize therapy by selecting for curative treatment only patients with significant cancer. Epstein's criteria for prediction of clinically insignificant cancer in surgical specimens are widely used. Epstein's criterion "no single core with >50% cancer has no correspondence in linear extent.

Focal prostatic atrophy: morphologic classification and immunohistochemistry.

Objective: To describe the morphology of focal prostatic atrophy and propose a comprehensive histologic classification for a proper diagnostic recognition.

Study Design: A broad immunohistochemical study was performed as an adjunct to its recognition as well as a contribution to pathogenesis.

Results: A morphologic continuum was seen on needle biopsies.

Higher prostate weight is inversely associated with Gleason score upgrading in radical prostatectomy specimens.

Background. Protective factors against Gleason upgrading and its impact on outcomes after surgery warrant better definition. Patients and Methods.

The value of the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) modified Gleason grading system as a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: To compare time and risk to biochemical recurrence (BR) after radical prostatectomy of two chronologically different groups of patients using the standard and the modified Gleason system (MGS).

Methods: Cohort 1 comprised biopsies of 197 patients graded according to the standard Gleason system (SGS) in the period 1997/2004, and cohort 2, 176 biopsies graded according to the modified system in the period 2005/2011. Time to BR was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to recurrence using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.

Adenocarcinoma on needle prostatic biopsies: does reactive stroma predicts biochemical recurrence in patients following radical prostatectomy?

Objective: There is evidence that reactive stroma in different cancers may regulate tumor progression. The aim of this study is to establish any possible relation of reactive stroma grading on needle prostatic biopsies to biochemical recurrence.

Materials And Methods: The study group comprised 266 biopsies from consecutive patients submitted to radical prostatectomy.

Expression of peroxiredoxins I and IV in multiple myeloma: association with immunoglobulin accumulation.

B cell malignancies are classified according to the postulated differentiation stage of the originating cell. During differentiation, structural and molecular changes occur to support massive processing of immunoglobulin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plasma cells at the final stage. When overloaded, the ER generates unfolded proteins and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which may cause cell death.

Histologic comparison of vocal fold microflap healing with sutures and glue.

Objectives/hypothesis: Improved voice quality is the expected outcome of microphonosurgery. To this end, the complex vibratory movement of the vocal folds must be preserved. Scarring of the vocal folds may compromise vocal outcome and is one of the most difficult to treat conditions.

Prostate total tumor extent versus index tumor extent--which is predictive of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy?

Purpose: It is controversial whether tumor extent in radical prostatectomies predicts biochemical recurrence following surgery. We compared the predictive value of total tumor extent vs dominant nodule (index tumor) extent.

Materials And Methods: A mean of 32 paraffin blocks was processed from prostate surgical specimens step sectioned at 3 to 5 mm intervals from 300 patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Impact of immunohistochemistry in sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer.

To determine the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining compared to immunohistochemistry (IHC) in sentinel lymph node (SLN) histological analyses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The Clinical prospective study was carried out at Tertiary referral university hospital. Patients with oral, lip and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma undergoing elective neck dissection with clinically and radiologically negative necks were included.

Influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: The amount of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margin correlates in most studies with biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. We studied the influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression using a simple method for quantification.

Materials And Methods: A total of 360 prostates were step-sectioned and totally processed from 175 patients with stage T1c and 185 patients with clinical stage T2 submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Various morphometric measurements of cancer extent on needle prostatic biopsies: which is predictive of pathologic stage and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy?

Objectives: To find whether any particular method of measuring cancer extent on needle prostatic biopsies is superior to others in predicting pathological stage >T2 and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy.

Materials And Methods: The study was based on 168 extended biopsies and the correspondent step-sectioned surgical specimens. Tumor extent was evaluated as: (1) number and percentage of cores with carcinoma; (2) total length and percentage of cancer in mm in all cores; and (3) the greatest length and percentage of cancer in a single core.

Should pathologists continue to use the current pT2 substaging system for reporting of radical prostatectomy specimens?

Objectives: Pathologic staging tries to maintain symmetry with clinical staging, allowing a direct comparison of both. However, in contrast to clinical substaging of T2 prostate cancers, is controversial whether pathologic T2 substaging conveys prognostic information. The aim of our study is to analyze the clinicopathologic findings and the prognostic information comparing the clinical with the pathological T2 substaging of patients submitted to radical prostatectomy.

Does tumor extent on needle prostatic biopsies influence the value of perineural invasion to predict pathologic stage > T2 in radical prostatectomies?

Purpose: Perineural invasion (PNI) on needle prostatic biopsies (NPB) has been controversial as a marker of extraprostatic extension and consequently for planning of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). The aim of this study was to find whether tumor extent on NPB influences the value of PNI to predict stage > pT2 on RP.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study was based on 264 consecutive patients submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Tumor extent in radical prostatectomy specimens: is it an independent prognostic factor for biochemical (PSA) progression following surgery?

Purpose: The tumor volume or extent measurement in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens is time-consuming and technically difficult. We aimed at studying the independent prognostic value of tumor extent for biochemical progression-free following RP once it is controversial.

Methods: This retrospective study was based on 305 consecutive patients submitted to RP.

Mergence of partial and complete atrophy in prostate needle biopsies: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study.

Partial atrophy is the most common benign lesion that causes difficulty in the differential diagnosis with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Very few studies described, illustrated, and discussed the concomitance of partial atrophy with complete atrophy in prostatic needle biopsies. The study group comprised 75 needle prostatic biopsies corresponding to 67 patients.

Does the type of prostatic atrophy influence the association of extent of atrophy in needle biopsies and serum prostate-specific antigen levels?

Objectives: To consider the possibility that a positive and significant association between extent of atrophy and serum total or free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation in patients with biopsies showing no cancer, high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia or areas suspicious for cancer found in a previous study may be related to the type of atrophy.

Methods: The only diagnosis in 75 extended biopsies was focal prostatic atrophy. Both partial and complete atrophy were considered.

Collagen type I may influence the expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma.

Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive salivary gland malignancy, usually derived from a long-standing or a recurrent benign tumor, the pleomorphic adenoma (PA). In the context of dynamic reciprocity, changes in the composition and structure of extracellular matrix proteins and cell surface receptors have been frequently associated with dysfunctional adhesion and invasive behavior of tumor cells. It is not fully understood if these changes are involved in the conversion of PA to CXPA.

The significance of microscopic bladder neck invasion in radical prostatectomies: pT4 disease?

Introduction: It is controversial whether microscopic invasion of the bladder neck (BN) has a high risk for biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy (RP). The tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification for prostate cancer considers BN involvement to be pT4 disease, equivalent to rectal or external sphincter invasion, however, it does not specify whether the invasion is macroscopic or microscopic.

Materials And Methods: Clinicopathological findings were studied from 290 patients submitted to RP.

The impact of the 2005 international society of urological pathology consensus conference on standard Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma in needle biopsies.

Purpose: At an International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference in 2005 the Gleason grading system for prostatic carcinoma underwent its first major revision. We compared the concordance of pattern and change of prognostic groups for the conventional and the modified Gleason grading, and checked the discriminative power of the modified Gleason grading.

Materials And Methods: The grading was based on 172 prostatic needle biopsies of patients subsequently undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Inflammatory atrophy on prostate needle biopsies: is there topographic relationship to cancer?

Introduction: Chronic inflammation of longstanding duration has been linked to the development of carcinoma in several organ systems. It is controversial whether there is any relationship of inflammatory atrophy to prostate cancer. It has been suggested that the proliferative epithelium in inflammatory atrophy may progress to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and/or adenocarcinoma.

Biomarker analysis in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma at an early phase of carcinomatous transformation.

Diagnostic criteria for intracapsular carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) are subjective and vary among authors. Biomarker analysis, which could provide more objective evaluation of these tumors, has rarely been studied in intracapsular CXPA. Immunohistochemical evaluation of c-erbB-2, p53 protein, bcl-2, and Ki-67 was performed in 8 cases of CXPA at an early phase of malignant transformation (4 intracapsular and 4 minimally invasive) and in 17 pleomorphic adenomas (PA).

Prostate cancer with bladder neck involvement: pathologic findings with application of a new practical method for tumor extent evaluation and recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy.

Background: Recent studies have questioned the high risk for disease recurrence in cases of bladder neck involvement by prostate cancer (pT4 disease).

Design: The study was based on 141 patients submitted to radical prostatectomy. PSA-recurrence was defined as 0.