A consistent budgeting of terrestrial carbon fluxes.

Accurate estimates of CO emissions from anthropogenic land-use change (E) and of the natural terrestrial CO sink (S) are crucial to precisely know how much CO can still be emitted to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. In current carbon budgets, E and S stem from two model families that differ in how CO fluxes are attributed to environmental and land-use changes, making their estimates conceptually inconsistent. Here we provide consistent estimates of E and S by integrating environmental effects on land carbon into a spatially explicit bookkeeping model.