Effect of disease, freezing of gait, and dopaminergic medication in the biomechanics of trunk and upper limbs in the gait of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) causes gait abnormalities that may be associated with an arm swing reduction. Medication and freezing of gait (FoG) may influence gait characteristics. However, these comparisons do not consider differences in gait speed and clinical characteristics in individuals with PD.

Biomechanical aspects that precede freezing episode during gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

Background: The freezing episode (FE) management during gait in Parkinson's disease is inefficient with current medications, neurosurgery, and physical interventions. Knowing the biomechanical change patients suffer preceding FE would be the ultimate goal to measure, predict, and prevent these events.

Objective: We performed a systematic review to summarize the kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic, and spatio-temporal characteristics of the events that precede the FE during gait in Parkinson's disease.