LATIN AMERICAN RESIDENTS' SURGICAL EDUCATION AFTER THE PANDEMIC: WHAT STRATEGIES HAVE EMERGED FOR ADAPTING TO THIS NEW ERA?

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on surgical education in Latin America, decreasing residents' surgical training and supervised clinical practice.

Aims: This study aimed to identify strategies that have been proposed or implemented to adapt surgical training and supervised clinical practice to COVID-19-related limitations in Latin America.

Method: A literature review was performed between April and May 2021, divided into two searches.

The interaction of isoflurane and protein kinase C-activators on sarcolemmal KATP channels.

Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signaling pathways may be involved in the "memory" effect of anesthetic and ischemic preconditioning, which facilitates activation of cardioprotective adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels during later ischemic challenge and ATP depletion. Using patch-clamp techniques, we found that exposure of isolated guinea pig cardiomyocytes to 1 mM of isoflurane after phorbol ester stimulation of PKC facilitates the induction of larger (P < or = 0.05) sarcolemmal K(ATP) channel currents (IKATP) during cell dialysis with 0.

Protein kinase C-epsilon primes the cardiac sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel to modulation by isoflurane.

Background: Cardioprotection by volatile anesthetic-induced preconditioning is known to involve intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in anesthetic-induced preconditioning. In this study, the effects of the activation of specific isozymes of PKC, specifically PKC-epsilon and -delta, on the modulation of the sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (sarcKATP) channel by isoflurane were investigated.