Major adverse events in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH and TODAY studies.

Aims: To determine contemporary incidence rates and risk factors for major adverse events in youth-onset T1D and T2D.

Methods: Participant interviews were conducted once during in-person visits from 2018 to 2019 in SEARCH (T1D: N = 564; T2D: N = 149) and semi-annually from 2014 to 2020 in TODAY (T2D: N = 495). Outcomes were adjudicated using harmonized, predetermined, standardized criteria.

Properties of the Household Food Security Survey Module Scale in Young Adults with Diabetes.

Background: The Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) was not tailored to people with chronic diseases or young adults (YAs).

Objectives: We aim to evaluate whether the 18-item HFSSM meets assumptions underlying the scale among YAs with diabetes.

Methods: Data from 1887 YAs with youth-onset type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes were used from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, 2016-2019, and on 925 who returned for the SEARCH Food Security Cohort Study, 2018-2021, all of whom had completed the HFSSM.

Self-Reported Food Security in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Association with Hemoglobin A and Mental Health Symptoms Independent of Household Food Security.

Background: Typically, child exposure to food insecurity is assessed by caregiver reports of household food security. Child report has the potential for greater accuracy because it pertains only to the child whose experiences may differ from caregiver reports.

Objective: We assessed if adolescent-reported food insecurity was associated with levels of hemoglobin A (HbA), acute diabetes-related complications, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, independently from household food security.

Diabetes Stigma and Psychosocial Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To examine the association between diabetes stigma, socioeconomic status, psychosocial variables, and substance use in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of AYAs from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study who completed a survey on diabetes-related stigma, generating a total diabetes stigma score. Using multivariable modeling, stratified by diabetes type, we examined the relationship of diabetes stigma with variables of interest.

Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences in Arterial Stiffness Among Youth and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Background We examined arterial stiffness in individuals with type 1 diabetes, and explored whether differences between Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals were attributable to modifiable clinical and social factors. Methods and Results Participants (n=1162; 22% Hispanic, 18% NHB, and 60% NHW) completed 2 to 3 research visits from ≈10 months to ≈11 years post type 1 diabetes diagnosis (mean ages of ≈9 to ≈20 years, respectively) providing data on socioeconomic factors, type 1 diabetes characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, health behaviors, quality of clinical care, and perception of clinical care. Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [PWV], m/s) was measured at ≈20 years of age.

Diabetes Stigma and Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To examine the association between diabetes stigma and HbA1c, treatment plan and acute and chronic complications in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study is a multicenter cohort study that collected questionnaire, laboratory, and physical examination data about AYAs with diabetes diagnosed in childhood. A five-question survey assessed frequency of perceived diabetes-related stigma, generating a total diabetes stigma score.

Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002-18: results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Background: The incidence of diabetes is increasing in children and young people. We aimed to describe the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and young people aged younger than 20 years over a 17-year period.

Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study identified children and young people aged 0-19 years with a physician diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes at five centres in the USA between 2002 and 2018.

Estimating incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes using prevalence data: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Background: Incidence is one of the most important epidemiologic indices in surveillance. However, determining incidence is complex and requires time-consuming cohort studies or registries with date of diagnosis. Estimating incidence from prevalence using mathematical relationships may facilitate surveillance efforts.

Association of Elevated Arterial Stiffness With Cardiac Target Organ Damage and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Young Adults With Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: Adults with diabetes are at risk for cardiovascular (CV) events, possibly due to increased arterial stiffness (AS) and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). We sought to determine whether 1) AS is associated with cardiac target organ damage in young adults with youth-onset diabetes, 2) whether CAN is associated with AS, as one possible etiology for increased AS in this cohort, and 3) whether these relationships differ by type of diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Participants from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (type 1 diabetes [T1D], n = 222; type 2 diabetes [T2D], n = 177; mean age 23 years) had clinical, echocardiographic, AS, and CAN assessed.

The Frequency of Undiagnosed Celiac Disease in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Aims: Celiac disease (CD) in adults with type 1 diabetes has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and the earlier occurrence of diabetes-associated complications. In the Search for Diabetes in Youth study, we aimed to assess the frequency of CD and the potential for undiagnosed CD among youth with childhood onset type 1 diabetes. In addition, we assessed the burden of cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-associated complications in youth with type 1 diabetes by CD status and IgA tissue transglutaminase autoantibody (tTGA) levels.

Household Food Insecurity and Cognition in Youth and Young Adults with Youth-Onset Diabetes.

Objective: We evaluated the association of household food insecurity (FI) with cognition in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design: In this cross-sectional study, age-adjusted scores for composite Fluid Cognition, and sub-domain scores for Receptive Language and Inhibitory Control and Attention, were modeled stratified by diabetes-type using linear regression, with FI in the past year as the predictor, controlling for covariates. Tests for processing speed, inhibitory control/attention, working memory, episodic memory, and cognitive flexibility were administered to measure composite Fluid Cognition score.

Projections of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Burden in the U.S. Population Aged <20 Years Through 2060: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To project the prevalence and number of youths with diabetes and trends in racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. through 2060.

Screening for Gastric Sensory Motor Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To determine the frequency of gastric sensory motor symptoms in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate symptoms of delayed gastric emptying in participants with type 1 diabetes, aged 12 to 25 years, using the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) questionnaire. In addition, a 5-year (January 2015 to December 2019), a retrospective study was completed on all gastric emptying scans performed in youth at our institution.

Changes in Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue in Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth Undergoing Pubertal Suppression: A Pilot Study.

Pubertal suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) youth may affect acquisition of peak bone mass. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has an inverse relationship with bone mineral density (BMD). To evaluate the effect of pubertal suppression on BMAT, in this pilot study we prospectively studied TGNC youth undergoing pubertal suppression and cisgender control participants with similar pubertal status over a 12-month period.

A longitudinal assessment of diabetes autoantibodies in the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

To assess changes in diabetes autoantibodies (DAs) over time in children and young adults with diabetes and determine whether observed changes were associated with demographic characteristics, clinical parameters and diabetes complications. Participants had DAs measured at baseline (10.3 ± 7.

Trends in Glycemia between 2002 and 2016 among Incident Youth Cohorts Early in the Course of Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: Hyperglycemia early in the course of type 1 diabetes (T1D) may increase the risk of cardiometabolic complications later in life. We tested the hypothesis that there were temporal trends in population-level glycemia and insulin pump use near T1D diagnosis among incident youth cohorts diagnosed between 2002 and 2016.

Methods: Weighted and adjusted regression models were applied to data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study to analyze trends in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), suboptimal glycemia (HbA1c > 9% or not), and insulin pump use among youth with T1D within 30 months of diagnosis.

Household Food Insecurity and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Adolescents and Young Adults With Diabetes and Parents of Youth With Diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the relation between household food insecurity (HFI) and fear of hypoglycemia among young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents.

Research Design And Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data of 1,676 young adults with youth-onset diabetes (84% type 1, 16% type 2) and 568 adolescents (<18 years old; mean age 15.1 years) with type 1 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Longitudinal Changes in Arterial Stiffness and Heart Rate Variability in Youth-Onset Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: We compared arterial stiffness and heart rate variability (HRV) over time by diabetes type and determined the risk factors associated with worsening arterial stiffness and HRV in young adults with youth-onset diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index) and six indices of heart rate variability were measured twice, 4.5 years apart, among participants with either youth-onset type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Utility of Diabetes Type-Specific Genetic Risk Scores for the Classification of Diabetes Type Among Multiethnic Youth.

Objective: Genetic risk scores (GRS) aid classification of diabetes type in White European adult populations. We aimed to assess the utility of GRS in the classification of diabetes type among racially/ethnically diverse youth in the U.S.

Association of Insulin Regimen and Estimated Body Fat Over Time among Youths and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Aims: To explore how changes in insulin regimen are associated with estimated adiposity over time among youths and young adults with type 1 diabetes and whether any associations differ according to sex.

Materials And Methods: Longitudinal data were analyzed from youths and young adults with type 1 diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Participants were classified according to insulin regimen categorized as exclusive pump ("pump only"), exclusive injections ("injections only"), injection-pump transition ("injections-pump"), or pump-injection transition ("pump-injections") for each follow-up visit completed.

Cerebral blood flow is lower in youth with type 2 diabetes compared to obese controls: A pilot study.

Aim: The cerebral vasculature may be susceptible to the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes. In this pilot study, we compared cerebral blood flow (CBF) in youth with type 2 diabetes to obese, euglycemic controls, and explored the association between CBF and a non-invasive measure of atherosclerosis, carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT).

Methods: Global and regional CBF were compared between youth with type 2 diabetes (mean age 16.