Impact of Obesity on the CCR6-CCL20 Axis in Epidermal γδ T Cells and IL-17A Production in Murine Wound Healing and Psoriasis.

Obesity is associated with comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, chronic nonhealing wounds and psoriasis. Normally skin homeostasis and repair is regulated through the production of cytokines and growth factors derived from skin-resident cells including epidermal γδ T cells. However epidermal γδ T cells exhibit reduced proliferation and defective growth factor and cytokine production during obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Compression asphyxia and other clinicopathological findings from the Hillsborough Stadium disaster.

Ninety-six people died following a crowd crush at the Hillsborough Football Stadium, Sheffield, UK in 1989. The cause of death in nearly all cases was compression asphyxia. The clinical and pathological features of deaths encountered in crowds are discussed with a particular focus on the Hillsborough disaster.

Luminespib plus pemetrexed in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Luminespib (AUY922) is a second-generation heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor with demonstrated activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since luminespib reduces levels of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzymatic target of pemetrexed, we assessed the safety and tolerability of luminespib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with previously treated metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also sought to study the pharmacokinetics and correlate tumor dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression with clinical response.

Efficacy and Safety of Onartuzumab in Combination With First-Line Bevacizumab- or Pemetrexed-Based Chemotherapy Regimens in Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Onartuzumab is a monovalent monoclonal antibody that binds with the extracellular domain of the MET receptor. Given the role of MET in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated whether onartuzumab added to first-line chemotherapy efficacy in non-squamous NSCLC.

Methods: Patients with untreated stage IIIB/IV non-squamous NSCLC, stratified by MET diagnostic status, were randomized to receive onartuzumab (15 mg/kg intravenously every 3 weeks) or placebo in combination with either paclitaxel/platinum/bevacizumab (bevacizumab cohort), or in combination with platinum/pemetrexed (pemetrexed cohort) with maintenance bevacizumab or pemetrexed and onartuzumab/placebo as appropriate.

Quantitative measurement of HER2 expression in breast cancers: comparison with 'real-world' routine HER2 testing in a multicenter Collaborative Biomarker Study and correlation with overall survival.

Introduction: Accurate assessment of HER2 status is critical in determining appropriate therapy for breast cancer patients but the best HER2 testing methodology has yet to be defined. In this study, we compared quantitative HER2 expression by the HERmark™ Breast Cancer Assay (HERmark) with routine HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and correlated HER2 results with overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients in a multicenter Collaborative Biomarker Study (CBS).

Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues and local laboratory HER2 testing results were provided by 11 CBS sites.

Walk and die: an unusual presentation of head injury.

We report three deaths in young adult males following closed blunt trauma to the head and face where the affected individuals were able to walk away from the incident, before subsequently collapsing and dying a short distance from the site of the assault. In each case, due to the rapidity of the posttrauma collapse, the pathologist was faced with a diagnostic difficulty at autopsy; the external examination revealed multiple injuries to the head and face, but internal examinations showed limited findings with no structural explanation for the death. We discuss possible mechanisms that could account for this scenario, the implications of alcohol consumption with a concussive head injury, and parallels that can be drawn with the so-called "talk and die,""talk and deteriorate," and "second impact syndrome.

Shaken baby syndrome.

Before the Court of Appeal

Variability in meta-analytic results concerning the value of cholesterol reduction in coronary heart disease: a meta-meta-analysis.

Despite official support for the efficacy of cholesterol reduction, considerable controversy exists, and meta-analyses of this topic have produced conflicting results. The authors assessed the variability of meta-analyses, evaluating the cardiovascular value of cholesterol reduction while attempting to explain the variability. Metaanalyses were identified by electronic search and citation tracking.

An office approach to the diagnosis of chronic cough.

Chronic cough is a common problem in patients who visit family physicians. The three most common causes of chronic cough in those who are referred to pulmonary specialists are postnasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. The initial treatment of patients with cough is often empiric and may involve a trial of decongestants, bronchodilators or histamine H2 antagonists, as monotherapy or in combination.

Hispanic American elders: caregiving norms surrounding dying and the use of hospice services.

The purpose of this review is to (1) provide an overview of health and demographic characteristics common to the Hispanic elder population, (2) address family caregiving issues surrounding the terminal illness of a loved one, (3) understand resource utilization by Hispanic elderly and their family caregivers, and (4) make recommendations for the provision of information and education about hospice services. Case examples will illustrate patterns and themes unique to Hispanic caregiving.

Use of histomorphometry in the assessment of fatal vertebral artery dissection.

Aim: To assess morphometrically the structural changes, which occur with ageing, along the length of the vertebral artery.

Methods: A series of 36 vessels were removed at necropsy from subjects aged between 9 months and 86 years. Image analysis was used to measure the medial width, the circumference, the intimal: medial area ratio and the adventitial: medial area ratio along each artery.

IgM-associated primary diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis: natural history and prognostic indicators.

Fifty-four adults with primary mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and IgM deposition were observed for a minimum of three years or until end-stage renal failure. The actuarial renal survival was 80 per cent at 5 years and 64 per cent at 10 years; multivariate analysis identified microscopic haematuria, extent of mesangial proliferation and global glomerular sclerosis as independent prognostic indicators.

Chronic extradural haemorrhage. A case report and brief literature review.

A case of chronic extradural haemorrhage with a presumed time interval of 5-6 weeks between injury and diagnosis at postmortem examination is presented. The literature relating to this entity has been reviewed, and relevant features commented upon, including time intervals, age, sex, location, clinical features, pathological findings, associated skull fractures, mechanisms involved, and the source of the bleeding.

Pathology of common bile duct stenosis in cystic fibrosis.

A case of cystic fibrosis complicated by common bile duct stenosis is described. Surgery successfully relieved the obstruction, but was complicated by Candida septicaemia. The previously unreported histological abnormalities of the common bile duct are discussed.

Sequential development of systemic vasculitis with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies complicating anti-glomerular basement membrane disease.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (cANCA) were detected in 3 patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. All 3 cases presented late in their clinical course, with severe renal involvement and alveolar hemorrhage. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were associated with clinical features outwith the lungs and kidneys; in one case cANCA were initially absent but subsequently developed concurrently with the clinical appearance of systemic vasculitis as the anti-GBM antibody titer was falling.

Fundus changes in mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type II: clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings.

Previously we have demonstrated a deposit in Bruch's membrane in a single case of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type II. We studied a group of patients with this disease and described extensive clinical and fluorescein angiographic abnormalities, which were in marked contrast to the findings in a group of patients with other forms of glomerulonephritis. This finding contributes to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the complex of the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris.