Mpox and the men who have sex with men (MSM) community in Nigeria: Exploratory insights from MSM and persons providing healthcare services to them.

The current mpox outbreak has challenged previous understanding of the disease, with human-to-human transmission being a significant mode of transmission, particularly among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). A knowledge gap exists on MSM's mpox experiences in Nigeria's restrictive sociolegal context. This study explored mpox awareness, knowledge, and experiences among MSM in Lagos, Nigeria, through 28 in-depth interviews.

Diagnosis, treatment, and management of Mpox in urban Informal Settlements in Southwestern Nigeria: an ethnographic approach.

Background: Global re-emergence of the zoonotic viral disease, Mpox (Monkeypox) has drawn global attention, leading to its declaration as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by World Health Organisation (WHO) in July 2022. Nigeria is a spotlight identified for the viral disease outbreak, with attention drawn on its transmission to non-endemic nations. With the country's healthcare challenges, care seeking practices particularly amongst low-income urban informal settlement populations are diverse - presenting challenges to both case identification and management during an outbreak.

Infrastructures of epidemic response: Mpox and everyday repair work in southwestern Nigeria.

Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization on 23rd July 2022, however cases of the disease have been detected in Nigeria since the 1970s and more recently since it began spreading in more urban areas of the country from 2017 onward. Nigeria has a strong track record of epidemic preparedness and response, spearheaded by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. Despite being somewhat separate architectures on paper, epidemic response (in particular, integrated disease surveillance and response) relies on a foundation of primary health care, which is inadequately funded not only in Nigeria, but globally.

Tobacco smoking clusters in households affected by tuberculosis in an individual participant data meta-analysis of national tuberculosis prevalence surveys: Time for household-wide interventions?

Tuberculosis (TB) and non-communicable diseases (NCD) share predisposing risk factors. TB-associated NCD might cluster within households affected with TB requiring shared prevention and care strategies. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of national TB prevalence surveys to determine whether NCD cluster in members of households with TB.

Iterative evaluation of mobile computer-assisted digital chest x-ray screening for TB improves efficiency, yield, and outcomes in Nigeria.

Wellness on Wheels (WoW) is a model of mobile systematic tuberculosis (TB) screening of high-risk populations combining digital chest radiography with computer-aided automated detection (CAD) and chronic cough screening to identify presumptive TB clients in communities, health facilities, and prisons in Nigeria. The model evolves to address technical, political, and sustainability challenges. Screening methods were iteratively refined to balance TB yield and feasibility across heterogeneous populations.

Challenges in engaging the private sector for tuberculosis prevention and care in Nigeria: a mixed methods study.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the practices of private practitioners regarding tuberculosis (TB), and to ascertain factors related to the low contribution of private healthcare providers to TB prevention and care in Nigeria.

Design: This is a mixed methods study comprising a quantitative retrospective review and qualitative study.

Setting: Private health facilities (HF) in Oyo State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.

Association of diabetes, smoking, and alcohol use with subclinical-to-symptomatic spectrum of tuberculosis in 16 countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of national tuberculosis prevalence surveys.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and NCD risk factors, such as smoking, increase the risk for tuberculosis (TB). Data are scarce on the risk of prevalent TB associated with these factors in the context of population-wide systematic screening and on the association between NCDs and NCD risk factors with different manifestations of TB, where ∼50% being asymptomatic but bacteriologically positive (subclinical). We did an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of national and sub-national TB prevalence surveys to synthesise the evidence on the risk of symptomatic and subclinical TB in people with NCDs or risk factors, which could help countries to plan screening activities.

Improving TB case notification and treatment coverage through data use.

Background: This was a study on national TB data.

Objective: To assess improvement in TB case notification and treatment coverage through improved data use for action in Nigeria.

Design: We analysed pre- and post-intervention secondary TB programme data comprising data on increased supervisory visits, incentives for health workers, DOTS expansion, outreaches and geo-code monitoring.

The microeconomic impact of out-of-pocket medical expenditure on the households of cardiovascular disease patients in general and specialized heart hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present a huge threat to population health and in addition impose severe economic burden on individuals and their households. Despite this, there is no research evidence on the microeconomic impact of CVDs in Nigeria. Therefore, this study estimated the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE), poverty headcount due to out-of-pocket (OOP) medical spending and the associated factors among the households of a cohort of CVDs patients who accessed healthcare services in public and specialized heart hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Health service utilisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a multicountry empirical assessment with a focus on maternal, newborn and child health services.

Introduction: There are concerns about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuation of essential health services in sub-Saharan Africa. Through the Countdown to 2030 for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health country collaborations, analysts from country and global public health institutions and ministries of health assessed the trends in selected services for maternal, newborn and child health, general service utilisation.

Methods: Monthly routine health facility data by district for the period 2017-2020 were compiled by 12 country teams and adjusted after extensive quality assessments.

Budgetary impact of using BPaL for treating extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Introduction: Bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid (BPaL) is a new all oral, 6-month regimen comprised of bedaquiline, the new drug pretomanid and linezolid, endorsed by the WHO for use under operational research conditions in patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). We quantified per-patient treatment costs and the 5-year budgetary impact of introducing BPaL in Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan and Nigeria.

Methods: Per-patient treatment cost of BPaL regimen was compared head-to-head with the conventional XDR-TB treatment regimen for respective countries based on cost estimates primarily assessed using microcosting method and expected frequency of each TB service.

Impact of COVID-19 on TB active case finding in Nigeria.

Background: Active TB case finding (ACF) is a key strategy employed by the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTBLCP) to address the increasing gap in TB case finding in Nigeria. KNCV TB foundation Nigeria rolled out two high-impact ACF interventions; TB Surge and the Wellness on Wheels (WoW) campaigns from January 2020.

Method: The TB Surge intervention supports the engagement of ad hoc staff for TB ACF.

Assessment of GeneXpert MTB/RIF Performance by Type and Level of Health-Care Facilities in Nigeria.

Setting: Nigeria adopted GeneXpert MTB Rif as a primary diagnostic tool were available and accessible since 2016. The current geographical coverage of GeneXpert machines by LGAs stands at 48%, with a varied access and utilization.

Objectives: To assess the association between the type and level of health facilities implementing GeneXpert MTB/Rif and performance outcome of the machines in Nigeria.

Unsuccessful Xpert MTB/RIF results: the Nigerian experience.

Nigeria, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country. To study the rate, distribution and causes of unsuccessful Xpert MTB/RIF test outcomes, with the aim of identifying key areas that need to be strengthened for optimal performance of the assay. This was a retrospective analysis of data uploaded between January and December 2015 from Xpert facilities to the central server using GXAlert.

National Health Accounts estimation: lessons from the Nigerian experience.

Objective: This paper seeks to summarize the estimation of two rounds of Nigeria's National Health Accounts (NHA), 1998-2002 and 2003-2005 and draw some lessons on the NHA methodology and health financing policy challenges towards enhancing government stewardship role in the health sector.

Method: The paper uses the results of the two rounds of NHA estimations for Nigeria a s basis fo ranalysis. In each round of estimation, three matrices were estimated.

Inhibition of prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens by adenosine triphosphate.

ATP, inorganic phosphate and ribose inhibited prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens, but adenine did not. ATP was not hydrolyzed by the organism during the experiment.

Effect of heat stress on subsequent chlorophyll accumulation in seedlings of Colocynthis citrullus.

When 14-day-old, etiolated seedlings of Colocynthis citrullus were subjected to temperatures of 35, 40 or 45°C for 4-24 h in darkness and illuminated immediately after this heat stress, the rate of total chlorophyll accumulation was retarded, and the duration of the initial lag period before onset of appreciable chlorophyll accumulation was prolonged. These effects were more pronounced after the higher temperatures, and with increasing duration of stress. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were similarly affected as total chlorophyll.