The Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Macular Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Retinopathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography: A Comparative Study.

Introduction: Diabetes leads to an alteration in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness which can easily be detected with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Objectives: This study was done to compare the RNFL and macular thickness between diabetic patients without retinopathy and non-diabetic patients so that it would be useful in the early detection of retinal changes if present. The correlation between the RNFL and macular thickness with metabolic blood parameters of diabetic subjects was also studied.

Profile of Destructive Ocular Surgery and its Indications: A Twelve-Year Review from Eastern Nepal.

Background: Destructive ocular surgeries are performed for many conditions ranging from trauma to tumours, where the eyes cannot be salvaged. The objective of our research was to study the profile of destructive ocular surgery and their indications.

Methods: This retrospective study reviewed all patients who underwent evisceration, enucleation, and exenteration at B.

Orbital Lymphoma Masquerading as Orbital Cellulitis.

Background: Orbital lymphomas are primarily non-Hodgkin type and can originate from the eyelids, extraocular muscles, soft tissue orbital adnexa, conjunctiva, or lacrimal glands. Orbital malignancies often represent a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians given their varying and atypical presentations.

Objective: To report a case of orbital lymphoma mimicking orbital cellulitis.

Tension orbit secondary to a carious primary molar-A case report.

Though rare, a pediatric dentist should have background knowledge of this kind of presentation which can greatly affect their patient's quality of life and leave them with a significant deficit at a very young age.

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in patients of primary open angle glaucoma and normal population in Nepalese population: A hospital based study.

Introduction: Central corneal thickness (CCT) is a powerful predictor of primary open angle glaucoma. Individualized risk assessment is critical for early diagnosis and management of glaucoma.

Objectives: To compare CCT and intraocular pressure in patients of primary openangle glaucoma (POAG) with those of normal population.

Lymphoma Maxilla mimicking orbital cellulitis; case report and review of Literature.

Background: Sinonasal lymphomas are the commonest nonepithelial malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. They may spread from their site of origin in nasal cavity and invade adjacent structures including orbits leading to varying presentation and a diagnostic dilemma.

Case: A-77- year old Nepalese male presented with swelling of left eye since 1 month and pain in the same eye since 2 days.

Factors affecting the visual outcome of pediatric cataract surgery: a hospital based prospective study in eastern Nepal.

The World Health Organization's (WHO) global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness by the year 2020 (Thylefors et al., 1995) has prioritized the control of childhood blindness. Currently cataract remains one of the most important causes of treatable blindness in children (Giles et al.

Physiological Ocular Changes in Various Trimesters of Pregnancy.

Introduction: A large number of hormonal, metabolic, immunologic and haematological changes occur in all organ system of female body during pregnancy. Human eye and its function are no exception to these changes.

Purpose: To evaluate physiological ocular changes in various trimesters of pregnancy and to compare them amongst the three trimesters.

Diabetes Mellitus and the risk of Primary open angle glaucoma.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the risk factors for Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Inclusion of DM as a risk factor for POAG is controversial. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether Type II (T2) DM is a risk factor for POAG and to determine central corneal thickness (CCT) in the subjects with T2DM and to examine the relationship between T2DM and intraocular pressure (IOP).

A case report of an unusual presentation of ocular rhinosporidiosis as a conjunctival cystic mass.

Ocular involvement of rhinosporidiosis is seen in about 15% of cases and clinically appears as a freely mobile, granular, pink, fleshy sessile or pedunculated mass. The conjunctiva is the most common site of origin. A 25-year-old male presented with a painless mass in the lower part of the left eye for 6 months which was gradually progressive.

Management of childhood glaucoma in Sturge Weber Syndrome: A challenge.

Background: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital neuro- oculo- cutaneous disorder. Glaucoma is one of the ocular abnormalities associated with it. Management of glaucoma in SWS is challenging.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus presenting as orbital abscess along with superior orbital fissure syndrome: A case report.

Orbital abscess and superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) are rare manifestations of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Herein, we report a case of orbital abscess along with SOFS in a 2.5-year-old-male child secondary to herpes zoster infection.

Ocular Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in the Left Eye with Phthisis Right Eye: A Rare Occurrence in a Child.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a benign pseudoneoplastic inflammatory condition with the potential for persistent local growth and recurrence that rarely affects the orbit. We report a very rare case of anterior orbital IMT in a child who presented with gradually progressive mass in left eye for 16 months. Ocular examination showed a cauliflower like exophytic mass at 360 degrees of the perilimbal area covering the entire cornea and obscuring the visualization of anterior and posterior segments.

Clinical profile of diabetic ketoacidosis in tertiary care hospital of Eastern Nepal.

Introduction: Diabetes ketoacidoisis (DKA) is characterized by hyperketonaemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperglycemia.

Aims: The aim of this study was to describe the demographic profile, clinical characterstics of patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis in BPKIHS, medical ward.

Settings And Design: The hospital based descriptive study.

Hypothyroidism in diabetes mellitus patients in Eastern Nepal.

Context: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) with hypothyroidism is a known clinical observation.

Aims: To estimate prevalence and co-relate that of hypothyroidism in patients with DM in relation to the age and sex, the lipid profile, body mass index visiting diabetes clinic and inpatients in B. P.

Orbital cellulitis in a neonate of the tooth bud origin: a case report.

Orbital cellulitis is a serious, yet uncommon infection in neonates. It can result in significant sight and life threatening complications. Most commonly, it occurs secondarily as the result of a spread of infection from the sinuses.

Unusual Presentation of Lacrimal Gland Pleomorphic Adenoma.

The pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland presents as a painless, progressive, slowly growing supero-temporal swelling with variable proptosis. This tumor is usually found in adults and extremely rare in teenage. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy with pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland which mimicked pseudotumor of orbit due to its presentation as an orbital inflammatory disease and the age distribution.

Comparison of complications in diabetic outpatients with or without mental illness.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and psychiatric illness are related in many ways by prevalence, burden, course, and outcome. Co-morbid mental illness may play a role in determining the complication in diabetic patients. This study was conducted in 2010 among consecutive diabetic out-patients diagnosed as per American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines 2009, of age above 14 years, to compare the complications in diabetic patients with or without mental illness.

Use of amniotic membrane and autologous serum eye drops in Mooren's ulcer.

Introduction: The management of Mooren's ulcer can be a challenge for clinicians.

Objective: To report a case of Mooren's ulcer treated with amniotic membrane transplantation supplemented with autologous serum eye drops.

Case Report: A 22-year-old male presented with history of pain, redness, watering and diminution of vision of the right eye for one year.

Ocular tuberculosis: an update.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a resurgent disease in the developed world. The World Health Organization estimates that one third of the world's population is currently infected, with 9 million new cases occurring annually, leading to 3 million deaths per year (WHO Report, 2007).

Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis presenting as a cystic mass-an unusual presentation.

Rhinosporidiosis is endemic in India and Sri Lanka and parts of East Africa and South America. Cases of ocular rhinosporidiosis have also been reported from Nepal. Ocular rhinosporidiosis usually involves the conjunctiva and the lacrimal sac.

Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult.

Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary orbital malignant tumor in children. Orbital lesions represent about 10 % of all the cases of rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cause of proptosis in adults.

An overview of idiopathic optic neuritis in eastern Nepal.

Background: Inflammation of the optic nerve is a common cause of visual loss due to optic nerve pathology.

Objective: To report the clinical features, demographic pattern and response to pulse steroid therapy in patients with idiopathic optic neuritis in eastern Nepal.

Materials And Methods: The hospital data of patients with idiopathic optic neuritis admitted to the department of ophthalmology in a tertiary level center in eastern Nepal between Jan 2000 to Dec 2006 were retrospectively analyzed.

Demograhic pattern, clinical features and treatment outcome of patients with infective keratitis in the eastern region of Nepal.

Background: corneal ulcer is one of the major causes of monocular blindness in developing countries.

Objective: to determine demographic pattern, risk factors, microbiological pattern and treatment outcome of infective keratitis.

Materials And Methods: a retrospective analysis of hospital records of 44 patients with clinically-diagnosed infective keratitis presenting to B.