Variation in seed transmission of cowpea viruses between single and multiple infections.

Unlabelled: Seed transmission (ST) plays an important role in virus dispersion and disease epidemiology. Many viruses infecting cowpea are known to be seed-transmitted. This study evaluated the rate of virus ST in cowpea varieties inoculated under screenhouse conditions (SC) with bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under single and multiple-infections.

Role of Transcerebellar Diameter and Transcerebellar Diameter/Abdominal Circumference Ratio in Assessing Fetal Growth and Diagnosing Intrauterine Growth Restriction.

Background In obstetrics, accurately determining gestational age (GA) is a critical aspect of managing pregnancy and evaluating fetal growth and development. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is characterized by the failure of the fetus to reach its potential growth. Early detection of IUGR is crucial for optimal obstetric care to reduce fetal complications and neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Retraction: Determination of the Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Compressive Myelopathy.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57874.

Glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) - Selenocysteine metabolism preserves the follicular fluid's (FF) redox homeostasis via IGF-1- NMD cascade in follicular ovarian cysts (FOCs).

Follicular ovarian cysts (FOCs) are characterized by follicles in the ovaries that are >20 mm in diameter and persist for >10 days without the corpus luteum, leading to anovulation, dysregulation of folliculogenesis and subfertility in humans and livestock species. Despite their clinical significance, the precise impact of FOCs on oocyte reserve, maturation, and quality still needs to be explored. While FOCs are observed in both human and livestock populations, they are notably prevalent in livestock species.

An Improved Phenotyping Method for Evaluation of Yam ( spp.) Resistance to Nematodes Belonging to the Genera and .

Phenotyping yam ( spp.) germplasm for resistance to parasitic nematodes is hampered by the lack of an efficient screening method. In this study, we developed a new method using rooted yam vine cuttings and yam plantlets generated from semi-autotrophic hydroponics (SAHs) propagation for phenotyping yam genotypes for nematode resistance.

Serological and RT-PCR evaluation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Harms) accessions to viral resistance under field condition.

African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich.

Diminished NAD+ levels and activation of retrotransposons promote postovulatory aged oocyte (POAO) death.

Death is the fate of postovulatory aged or unfertilized oocytes (POAO) in many animals. However, precise molecular mechanisms are yet to be discovered. Here, we demonstrate that increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium ion (Ca+2) channels, and retrotransposon activity induce apoptosis, which in turn causes POAO death.

Balanced spatiotemporal arrangements of histone H3 and H4 posttranslational modifications are necessary for meiotic prophase I chromosome organization.

Dynamic nuclear architecture and chromatin organizations are the key features of the mid-prophase I in mammalian meiosis. The chromatin undergoes major changes, including meiosis-specific spatiotemporal arrangements and remodeling, the establishment of chromatin loop-axis structure, pairing, and crossing over between homologous chromosomes, any deficiencies in these events may induce genome instability, subsequently leading to failure to produce gametes and infertility. Despite the significance of chromatin structure, little is known about the location of chromatin marks and the necessity of their balance during meiosis prophase I.

New Technologies Provide Innovative Opportunities to Enhance Understanding of Major Virus Diseases Threatening Global Food Security.

Plant viruses pose a continuous and serious threat to crop production worldwide, and globalization and climate change are exacerbating the establishment and rapid spread of new viruses. Simultaneously, developments in genome sequencing technology, nucleic acid amplification methods, and epidemiological modeling are providing plant health specialists with unprecedented opportunities to confront these major threats to the food security and livelihoods of millions of resource-constrained smallholders. In this perspective, we have used recent examples of integrated application of these technologies to enhance understanding of the emergence of plant viral diseases of key food security crops in low- and middle-income countries.

A Global Assessment of the State of Plant Health.

The Global Plant Health Assessment (GPHA) is a collective, volunteer-based effort to assemble expert opinions on plant health and disease impacts on ecosystem services based on published scientific evidence. The GPHA considers a range of forest, agricultural, and urban systems worldwide. These are referred to as (Ecoregion × Plant System), i.

Antagonistic and plant growth promotion of rhizobacteria against in taro.

Taro leaf blight caused by adversely affects the growth and yield of taro. The management of this disease depends heavily on synthetic fungicides. These compounds, however, pose potential hazards to human health and the environment.

Homing in on Endogenous Badnaviral Elements: Development of Multiplex PCR-DGGE for Detection and Rapid Identification of Badnavirus Sequences in Yam Germplasm.

Viruses of the genus (family ) are double-stranded DNA-reverse transcribing (dsDNA-RT) plant viruses and have emerged as serious pathogens of tropical and temperate crops globally. Endogenous badnaviral sequences are found integrated in the genomes of several economically important plant species. Infection due to activation of replication-competent integrated copies of the genera , and has been described.

Germplasm A and B Genomic Composition Differentially Affects Their Susceptibility to Banana Bunchy Top Virus and Its Aphid Vector, .

Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV, genus ), is the most destructive viral disease of banana and plantain ( spp.). The virus is transmitted persistently by the banana aphid, Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

A newly emerging alphasatellite affects banana bunchy top virus replication, transcription, siRNA production and transmission by aphids.

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a six-component ssDNA virus (genus Babuvirus, family Nanoviridae) transmitted by aphids, infecting monocots (mainly species in the family Musaceae) and likely originating from South-East Asia where it is frequently associated with self-replicating alphasatellites. Illumina sequencing analysis of banana aphids and leaf samples from Africa revealed an alphasatellite that should be classified in a new genus, phylogenetically related to alphasatellites of nanoviruses infecting dicots. Alphasatellite DNA was encapsidated by BBTV coat protein and accumulated at high levels in plants and aphids, thereby reducing helper virus loads, altering relative abundance (formula) of viral genome components and interfering with virus transmission by aphids.

Identification of QTLs Controlling Resistance to Anthracnose Disease in Water Yam ().

Anthracnose disease caused by a fungus is the primary cause of yield loss in water yam (), the widely cultivated species of yam. Resistance to yam anthracnose disease (YAD) is a prime target in breeding initiatives to develop durable-resistant cultivars for sustainable management of the disease in water yam cultivation. This study aimed at tagging quantitative trait loci (QTL) for anthracnose disease resistance in a bi-parental mapping population of Parent genotypes and their recombinant progenies were genotyped using the Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) platform and phenotyped in two crop cycles for two years.

Local DNA synthesis is critical for DNA repair during oocyte maturation.

Mammalian oocytes can be very long-lived cells and thereby are very likely to encounter DNA damage during their lifetime. Defective DNA repair may result in oocytes that are developmentally incompetent or give rise to progeny with congenital disorders. During oocyte maturation, damaged DNA is repaired primarily by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR).

Morphological and molecular characterization of species from Yam ( spp.) in West Africa.

The root-lesion nematodes (RLN), spp., are among the major plant-parasitic nematodes affecting yam ( spp.) production in West Africa.

Application of CRISPR/Cas for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Diseases of Banana.

Viral diseases are significant biotic constraints for banana ( spp.) production as they affect the yield and limit the international movement of germplasm. Among all the viruses known to infect banana, the banana bunchy top virus and banana streak viruses are widespread and economically damaging.

Phytosanitary Interventions for Safe Global Germplasm Exchange and the Prevention of Transboundary Pest Spread: The Role of CGIAR Germplasm Health Units.

The inherent ability of seeds (orthodox, intermediate, and recalcitrant seeds and vegetative propagules) to serve as carriers of pests and pathogens (hereafter referred to as pests) and the risk of transboundary spread along with the seed movement present a high-risk factor for international germplasm distribution activities. Quarantine and phytosanitary procedures have been established by many countries around the world to minimize seed-borne pest spread by screening export and import consignments of germplasm. The effectiveness of these time-consuming and cost-intensive procedures depends on the knowledge of pest distribution, availability of diagnostic tools for seed health testing, qualified operators, procedures for inspection, and seed phytosanitation.

Germplasm Acquisition and Distribution by CGIAR Genebanks.

The international collections of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) hosted by 11 CGIAR Centers are important components of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's global system of conservation and use of PGRFA. They also play an important supportive role in realizing Target 2.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals.