Axonal regeneration and innervation ratio following supercharged end-to-side nerve transfer.

Introduction: Peripheral nerve injuries often result in incomplete recovery, particularly after the occurrence of proximal lesions, owing to the extended reinnervation time as well as consequent reductions in the regeneration supportive factors and muscle recovery potential. In these cases, supercharged end-to-side (SETS) nerve transfers preserve the continuity of the original nerves while facilitating additional axonal support to mitigate muscle atrophy. This approach enhances functional recovery and has been demonstrated to be effective in both preclinical models and clinical settings.