6. Persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2.

Introduction: Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome (PSPS) refers to chronic axial pain and/or extremity pain. Two subtypes have been defined: PSPS-type 1 is chronic pain without previous spinal surgery and PSPS-type 2 is chronic pain, persisting after spine surgery, and is formerly known as Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) or post-laminectomy syndrome. The etiology of PSPS-type 2 can be gleaned using elements from the patient history, physical examination, and additional medical imaging.

1. Lumbosacral radicular pain.

Introduction: Patients suffering lumbosacral radicular pain report radiating pain in one or more lumbar or sacral dermatomes. In the general population, low back pain with leg pain extending below the knee has an annual prevalence that varies from 9.9% to 25%.

The effect of spinal versus general anaesthesia on perioperative muscle weakness in patients having bilateral total hip arthroplasty: a single center randomized clinical trial.

Background: Perioperative neuro-endocrine stress response may contribute to acquired muscle weakness. Regional anaesthesia has been reported to improve the outcome of patients having total hip arthroplasty. In this study, it was hypothesized that spinal anaesthesia (SA) decreases the perioperative neuro-endocrine stress response and perioperatively acquired muscle weakness (PAMW), as compared to general anaesthesia (GA).

2. Cervical radicular pain.

Introduction: Cervical radicular pain is pain perceived in the upper limb, caused by irritation or compression of a cervical spine nerve, the roots of the nerve, or both.

Methods: The literature on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radicular pain was retrieved and summarized.

Results: The diagnosis is made by combining elements from the patient's history, physical examination, and supplementary tests.

Does the presence of cranial contrast spread during a sacroiliac joint injection predict short-term outcome?

Background: The innervation of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is complex, with a dual innervation originating from the lumbosacral plexus anteriorly as well as the sacral lateral branches posteriorly. Nociceptors are found in intra-articular structures as well as periarticular structures. In patients with SIJ pain, a fluoroscopy-guided SIJ injection is usually performed posteriorly into the bottom one-third of the joint with local anesthetic and corticosteroids, but this does not always reach all intra-articular structures.

Pain management after laminectomy: a systematic review and procedure-specific post-operative pain management (prospect) recommendations.

Purpose: With lumbar laminectomy increasingly being performed on an outpatient basis, optimal pain management is critical to avoid post-operative delay in discharge and readmission. The aim of this review was to evaluate the available literature and develop recommendations for optimal pain management after one- or two-level lumbar laminectomy.

Methods: A systematic review utilizing the PROcedure-SPECific Post-operative Pain ManagemenT (PROSPECT) methodology was undertaken.

Perioperative Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Ebstein's Anomaly at a Single Institution: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Mortality after cardiac surgery for Ebstein's anomaly ranges from 2.5% to 31%. Independent predictors for mortality and morbidity remain poorly defined because of the low incidence of this congenital anomaly.

A prediction model for good neurological outcome in successfully resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

Background: In the initial hours after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), it remains difficult to estimate whether the degree of post-ischemic brain damage will be compatible with long-term good neurological outcome. We aimed to construct prognostic models able to predict good neurological outcome of OHCA patients within 48 h after CCU admission using variables that are bedside available.

Methods: Based on prospectively gathered data, a retrospective data analysis was performed on 107 successfully resuscitated OHCA patients with a presumed cardiac cause of arrest.