Key developmental milestones helped to identify children with special educational needs and disabilities at an early stage.

Aim: Responding to developmental delay promptly is important, as it helps children to reach their full potential. This study investigated how developmental milestones predicted primary school children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) at an early stage.

Methods: We obtained data about 36 milestones between 12 and 45 months using the Dutch Development Instrument.

Differences in adults' health and health behaviour between 16 European urban areas and the associations with socio-economic status and physical and social environment.

With a growing proportion of the European population living in urban areas (UAs), exploring health in urban areas becomes increasingly important. The objective of this study is to assess the magnitude of differences in health and health behaviour between adults living in urban areas (UAs) across Europe. We also explored whether and to what extent such differences can be explained by socio-economic status (SES) and physical or social environment.