[Formula: see text]Gestational age and gender influence on executive control and its related neural structures in preterm-born children at 6 years of age.

Within preterm-born children, being born male and at a lower gestational age (GA) have both been associated with a heightened risk for developmental difficulties. However, in this population little is known about the combined effect and the influence of these risk factors on cortical structures and executive control. In the present study, 58 preterm-born children (GA ranging from 24.

Emotional and effortful control abilities in 42-month-old very preterm and full-term children.

Background: Very preterm (VP) infants are at greater risk for cognitive difficulties that may persist during school-age, adolescence and adulthood. Behavioral assessments report either effortful control (part of executive functions) or emotional reactivity/regulation impairments.

Aims: The aim of this study is to examine whether emotional recognition, reactivity, and regulation, as well as effortful control abilities are impaired in very preterm children at 42 months of age, compared with their full-term peers, and to what extent emotional and effortful control difficulties are linked.

Cost-benefit comparison of hemodialysis access creation in a developing country and North American centres.

Objective: It has been suggested that vascular access operations should only be performed in high-volume centres to ensure good outcomes. Vascular access operations have been routinely performed in the Cayman Islands since 2005. However, with an estimated population of 45,000 persons, only a small number of patients require vascular access in any given interval.

Responses to positive and negative smoking-related images: effects of current smoking status and degree of smoking addiction.

The literature indicates that stimulant users of various dependency levels endorse and react differently to stimuli that portray the stimulant either positively or negatively, however these studies have not been extended to smoking. Here pictures are used to depict either positive or negative connotations of smoking. The current study concentrated on smokers with different levels of dependency.

Ethnicity modifies seasonal variations in birth weight and weight gain of infants.

Early growth is considered critical for the development of obesity and adulthood cardiovascular diseases. Because season and environmental temperature at birth have also been associated with obesity, it is important to examine whether birth weight and postnatal weight gain vary by season. Data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project were used to assess the influence of season on birth weight and weight gain during the first 4 mo of life.